Mexico Travel Guide

Overview

Capital:

Mexico City.

Geography:

Mexico is at the southern extremity of North America and is bordered to the north by the USA, northwest by the Gulf of California, west by the Pacific, south by Guatemala and Belize, and east by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.

Mexico's geographical features range from swamp to desert, and from tropical lowland jungle to high alpine vegetation. Over half the country is at an altitude greater than 1,000m (3,300ft). The central land mass is a plateau flanked by ranges of mountains to the east and west that lie roughly parallel to the coast. The northern area of this plateau is arid and thinly populated, and occupies 40% of the total area of Mexico.

Getting There

Getting There By Air

Mexico's national carrier is Aeroméxico (www.aeromexico.com). Some of Mexico's domestic airlines serve US destinations, including VivaAerobus (www.vivaerobus.com) and Volaris (www.volaris.mx). Aeroméxico and British Airways (www.ba.com) both operate direct flights to Mexico City from the UK. British Airways and Virgin Atlantic (www.virgin-atlantic.com) offer non-stop flights from London to Cancún.

Major airports are: Cancun International Airport, Guadalajara Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport, Mexico City Benito Juarez International Airport and Monterrey General Mariano.

Departure Tax

Around US$48 depending on the exchange rate. Usually included in the air fare, otherwise payable at the airport.

Flight Times

To Mexico City: from London - 11 hours 20 minutes; New York - 5 hours 15 minutes.

To Cancún: from London - 11 hours; New York - 4 hours 30 minutes.

Getting There By Road

Drivers crossing the border into Mexico in private cars or US hire cars must present originals and photocopies of the current car registration and a current driving licence to obtain an automobile permit, valid for the length of stay specified on their tourist card (maximum of 180 days). The cost of this should be charged to a credit card to avoid leaving a large cash deposit.

Mexican car insurance is also compulsory - extensions to US policies are not valid. You can buy insurance through agencies on the US side of the border but better deals are available through online brokers.

Getting There By Water

Main ports: Acapulco (www.apiacapulcoport.com), Cabo San Lucas, Cozumel (www.apiqroo.com.mx), Manzanillo (www.puertomanzanillo.com.mx), Mazatlán (www.puertomazatlan.com.mx), Puerto Vallarta (www.puertodevallarta.com.mx), Tampico (www.puertodetampico.com.mx) and Zihuatanejo/Ixtap.

Getting Around

Getting Around By Air

There is an excellent network of daily scheduled flights in Mexico between principal commercial centres operated by longstanding airline Aeroméxico (www.aeromexico.com). Many of the smaller airports also have capacity for large planes and some international flights.

A plethora of small domestic carriers offer low-cost flights to a range of destinations. These include VivaAerobus (www.vivaaerobus.com), Volaris (www.volaris.com) and Interjet (www.interjet.com.mx).

Breakdown Services

Rest areas at toll-booths provide ambulance and breakdown services. The Angeles Verdes (Green Angels) (tel: 078, in Mexico only), run by the tourist ministry, provide breakdown assistance to tourists between the hours of 0800 and 1800 daily, with free labour and parts at cost. If you do need to call them out, it should go without saying that you should tip generously.

Car Hire

Self-drive cars are available at airports, city centres and resorts. All the established international agencies operate in Mexico. Reputable internet-only agencies are worth a look for cheap deals. Beware of hidden extras, and poor breakdown services, particularly with local firms.

Coach

Coaches and buses link almost all towns and cities. Central bus terminals in major cities provide service and information on fares and schedules.

Major operators include ETN (tel: 01 800 800 0386, in Mexico only; www.etn.com.mx), covering the Pacific coast, western and northern Mexico; ADO (tel: 01 800 369 4652, in Mexico only; www.ado.com.mx), serving the Gulf coast and Mexican southeast; Primera Plus (tel: 01 800 375 7587, in Mexico only; www.primeraplus.com.mx), serving central and northern Mexico; and Estrella Blanca (tel: 01 800 507 5500, in Mexico only; www.estrellablanca.com.mx), with service throughout the country.

Departure Tax

Usually included in the air fare.

Documentation

An International Driving Permit or a valid driving licence from your country of residence is required. The minimum driving age is for car hire is usually 21. Mexican vehicle insurance is compulsory; check insurance is included in hire agreements.

Getting Around By Rail

The only long-distance passenger route is the Chihuahua-Pacific Railway, commonly known as El Chepe (tel: 01 800 122 4373, in Mexico only or +52 1 614 439 7211; www.chepe.com.mx). The tourist-oriented line from the city of Chihuahua to Los Mochis traverses the Sierra Tarahumara range and includes a stop in the Copper Canyon region.

Regulations

Speed limits are 30-50kph (19-31mph) in towns and 100-110kph (62-68mph) on motorways. All passengers are required to wear seatbelts. Car use in Mexico City is restricted so as to reduce pollution. The last digit of the car number plate determines when that car cannot be driven.

Getting Around By Road

It is advisable to keep car doors and windows closed and locked, especially at traffic lights.

Road Classification

Confusingly, toll (CUOTA) and free (LIBRE) roads to the same destination often have the same highway ID number. Drivers in a hurry should follow the CUOTA signs. A third sign, LIBRAMIENTO, indicates a toll-paying bypass road. Cash is preferred at toll-booths.

Urban Travel

Mexican cities and towns generally have good public transportation networks, with frequent bus and taxi service around town and to/from inter-city bus stations. Buses are cheap, with signs affixed to their windshields announcing their destinations. Taxis are easy to find; usually they charge by distance (it's best to agree on the fare beforehand) but in larger cities are metered.

The country's three largest cities, Mexico City, Monterrey and Guadalajara, all feature metro systems. Mexico City's is the most extensive, with frequent, efficient service and a flat fare payable by single tickets or preloadable smartcard. Another component of the capital's transit network is its expanding Metrobus system, with double-length buses stopping at enclosed stations that are accessible by smartcard.

Various kinds of taxis ply the streets of Mexico City: cruising street taxis are metered and cheap, while radio taxis operating from sitios (taxi stands) charge more but are considered a more secure option. In the city centre, bicycle taxis offer a non-polluting alternative.

Getting Around By Water

Baja Ferries (tel: 01 800 377 7437, in Mexico only; www.bajaferries.com) operates regular sailings between Mazatlán and La Paz (Baja California) and between Topolobampo and La Paz.

Ferry Santa Rosalia (tel: 01 800 505 5018, in Mexico only; www.ferrysantarosalia.com) runs a ferry across the Gulf of California from Guaymas to Santa Rosalía.

Some west coast cruises include Pacific ports such as Mazatlán, Puerto Vallarta and Acapulco. There are also regular ferries from the mainland to the Caribbean Islands of Isla Mujeres and Cozumel. Ferry operators, their names, websites and schedules are in a constant state of flux. Advance bookings are rarely needed or available.

Travel Advice

Areas where FCDO advises against all but essential travel

State of Baja California

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the city of Tijuana, except:

• airside transit through Tijuana airport
• the Cross Border Xpress bridge from the airport linking terminals across the Mexican-US border
• the federal toll road 1D and Via Rápida through Tijuana to the border

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the city of Tecate in Baja California, including roads between Tijuana and Tecate.

State of Chihuahua

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Chihuahua, except:

• the city of Chihuahua
• the border crossing in Ciudad Juárez (accessed by federal toll road 45)
• federal toll road 45D connecting the cities of Chihuahua and Ciudad Juárez
• the Copper Canyon rail route to and from Chihuahua and towns immediately on this route including Creel
• the road from Creel via San Juanito to San Pedro
• state highway 16 from San Pedro to Chihuahua

State of Sinaloa

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Sinaloa, except:

• the cities of Los Mochis and Mazatlán
• road 32 that runs between El Fuerte and Los Mochis
• the 15D federal toll road that runs the length of the state
• the Copper Canyon rail route to and from Los Mochis, El Fuerte and the towns immediately on this route

State of Tamaulipas

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Tamaulipas, except:

• the border crossing at Nuevo Laredo accessed by federal toll road 85D from Monterrey
• federal highways 80, 81 and 85 between Tampico, Ciudad de Victoria and Magueyes, and the entire area of Tamaulipas south of these highways

State of Zacatecas

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Zacatecas.

State of Guanajuato

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the areas south-west of road 45D.

State of Michoacán

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Michoacán, except the:

• city of Morelia accessed by federal toll roads 15D, 126 and 43; and the federal toll road 48D between the city of Morelia and the General Francisco Mujica airport
• town of Pátzcuaro accessed by federal toll roads 14D and 15 from Morelia, and boat trips out to islands on Lake Pátzcuaro
• Federal Highway 15D

State of Jalisco

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the areas south and south-west of Lake Chapala to the border with the state of Colima.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the northern municipalities of:

• Bolaños
• Chimaltitán
• Colotlán
• Hostotipaquillo
• Huejúcar
• Huequilla el Alto
• Mezquitic
• San Martin de Bolaños
• Santa Maria de los Ángeles
• Totatiche
• Villa Guerrero

State of Colima

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Colima, except the city of Manzanillo accessed by sea or air via the Manzanillo-Costalegre International Airport, and direct travel via road 200 from the airport to Manzanillo.

State of Guerrero

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Guerrero, except the town of Zihuatanejo/Ixtapa accessed by air.

State of Chiapas

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to within 40km of the Guatemalan border between the Pacific Coast up to and including the border crossing at Gracias a Dio.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel on Federal Highway 199 (Carretera Federal 199) between Rancho Nuevo (just outside San Cristobal de las Casas) and the Chancalá junction just outside Palenque (where Federal Highway 199 meets Federal Highway 307).

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel to these areas.

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

FCDO provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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This information is for people travelling on a full 'British citizen' passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government's understanding of the current rules for the most common types of travel. 

The authorities in Mexico set and enforce entry rules. If you're not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the Mexican Embassy in the UK.

Passport validity requirements

To enter Mexico, your passport must be valid for the duration of your stay.

The Mexican Embassy in the UK recommends passports be valid for at least 180 days because this is the longest you can stay in Mexico as a tourist.

If you're travelling through another country on your way to or from Mexico, check the entry requirements for that country. Many countries will only allow entry if you have at least 6 months validity remaining on your passport. 

Visa requirements

If you're visiting Mexico as a tourist, you do not need a visa. You'll get a stamp in your passport with the number of days you are allowed to stay.

British nationals entering Mexico by land must fill in an immigration form online.

Applying for a visa

The Mexican Embassy has information on applying for a visa in the UK.

See information on applying for a visa in Mexico (in Spanish).

Travelling through the USA

If you are travelling or transiting through the USA to or from Mexico, see entry requirements in USA travel advice or contact the US Embassy in London. If you do not have an Electronic System for Travel Authorisation (ESTA) visa waiver or the correct visa, you will not be allowed to travel to the USA.

Employment, voluntary work, research and eco activities

Tourists cannot do any type of voluntary or paid work or activity, including human rights work. To work or volunteer, you must get the correct visa from the Mexican Embassy before you travel.

You may need a visa for some adventure or ecotourism activities like caving, potholing or entomology, especially if they involve any scientific or technological research. The Mexican authorities may define scientific or technological research activities far more broadly than other countries. If in doubt, ask the Mexican Embassy in UK well before you travel and ask for written confirmation if necessary.

Airport e-gates for tourists

If you are a tourist aged 18 or over, you can use e-gates in some of the main international airports in Mexico. You must show the printed e-gate ticket when you leave the country, so be sure to collect it.

You can download digital proof of entry and how long you are allowed to stay in Mexico from Portal de Servicios del INM (in Spanish) within the first 60 days of your visit.

Checks at border control

At Mexican border control, you may need to: 

• show a return or onward ticket
• show proof of your accommodation, for example, a hotel booking confirmation
• prove that you have enough money for your stay

If you're staying in someone's home, immigration officials may also ask for a 'letter of invitation' from the person you're visiting. This should include as much information as possible, including the host and travellers':

• full names
• contact details
• address while in Mexico
• reason for visit

If you're entering Mexico from the USA, and there is no immigration officer to stamp your passport, find the nearest immigration office before continuing. Immigration offices are usually near the border, and customs officials should be able to direct you. It is often more complicated to correct immigration issues once you leave the border area.

Travelling with children

If you are travelling with a child, you may be asked for:

• evidence of your relationship with them – for example, a birth or adoption certificate, divorce or marriage certificates, or a parental responsibility order
• the reason you are travelling with them

Children with dual nationality

Children with dual nationality of Mexico who are travelling without a parent or legal guardian must apply for a permit to leave the country.

Vaccine requirements

For details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro's Mexico guide.

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods you can bring into and take out of Mexico. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty.

Check whether you will need to declare anything to customs officials. If you have goods to declare, you must submit a customs form online before travelling to Mexico. If you do not declare goods, customs officials may seize them and you could get a fine.

Entry tax for the state of Quintana Roo

You must pay an entry tax to visit the state of Quintana Roo – you can pay the entry tax online before or during your stay. You can get help paying online at Cancun Airport. You must show proof of payment at the airport before leaving.

Leaving Mexico

To leave Mexico, you must show your passport with the entry stamp showing how many days you were allowed to stay.

If you lose your passport, you must pay a fee to replace the entry stamp. The fee is about 700 Mexican pesos, to be paid at the immigration office by card or in a bank with cash. Migration officers do not accept cash. You can replace the stamp at the immigration office at any international airport in Mexico or start the entry stamp replacement process online. Updated fees should be displayed at the immigration offices.  

Fake immigration officers can operate in international airports. Always refuse offers of help and head directly to the immigration office.

Departure tax

You may need to pay a departure tax when leaving Mexico by air or land. The cost can vary, and some airports or border crossings only accept cash. Most airlines include the cost within the ticket price. If in doubt, check with your airline or tour operator.

This guide also has safety advice for regions of Mexico.

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.  

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Mexico

Terrorist attacks in Mexico cannot be ruled out.

Political situation

Political demonstrations are common in Mexico City and can happen across the country. Demonstrations can be tense, confrontational and potentially violent. Onlookers can be quickly drawn in.

It is illegal for foreign nationals to participate in political activities in Mexico. If you join demonstrations, the Mexican authorities may detain and deport you.

Monitor local media and avoid all demonstrations. If you come across protests, move away from the area.

Crime

Crime is a risk to foreign nationals in Mexico, particularly in major cities and tourist resort areas. Street crime is a serious issue in these places.

Many Mexican and foreign businesses choose to hire private security. You should:

• research your destination thoroughly
• only travel during daylight hours when possible
• monitor local media
• tell trusted contacts your travel plans

If you want to report a crime, do so immediately at the nearest branch of the state prosecutor's office ('Agencia del Ministerio Público'). A criminal investigation is not possible without a formal complaint to the Mexican authorities. You must make a complaint in person before you leave Mexico.

The Mexico City Command and Control Centre ('Centro de Atención a Emergencias y Protección Ciudadana de la Ciudad de México') has information and advice on safety in Mexico City in Spanish.

Using ATMs

Take care withdrawing money from ATMs or using exchange offices (bureau de change). Criminals have targeted people using these services. It's generally safer to use ATMs during daylight hours inside shops or malls. Avoid withdrawing large amounts and watch who is around you while you are at an ATM.

Protecting your belongings

Pickpocketing and theft are common, including on public transport. You should:

• avoid wearing expensive-looking clothing, jewellery or watches
• limit the amount of cash or credit and debit cards you carry
• watch your luggage, even in apparently secure places like the lobby of your hotel

Scams

Be wary of criminals posing as police officers and trying to fine or arrest you for no reason. They have targeted travellers driving rental cars.

Some genuine police officers have extorted money from tourists for alleged minor offences or traffic violations. If this happens:

• do not hand over money or your passport
• ask for a copy of the fine, which is payable later
• ask for ID
• try to note the officer's name, badge number and patrol car number

Criminals may try to get your friends or relatives to transfer money to Mexico. This can happen if your phone is stolen or hacked. Before you travel, agree how you will contact friends or relatives and how you would arrange to transfer money.

A common phone scam involves criminals posing as a kidnapped family member or employee and demanding money for their release. They may also claim a relative is being detained. If you are threatened over the phone, hang up and check on your family member or employee's safety.

Drink and food spiking

Do not leave food and drinks unattended in bars and restaurants. Criminals have robbed or assaulted travellers after drugging them.

Tainted alcohol

Tainted alcohol has caused illness or blackouts. If you have any concerns, get advice from your tour operator or the local authorities.

Sexual assault

Sexual offences have been reported in tourist areas. Take care even in areas close to hotels, and especially after dark.

Kidnapping

Kidnapping is more common in some areas of Mexico than others. See Regional risks for areas of higher risk. While tourists are not usually targeted, you should always remain aware of your surroundings.

Short-term opportunistic kidnapping (called 'express kidnapping') can happen, particularly in urban areas. Kidnappers force victims to withdraw money at an ATM to secure their release.

Longer-term kidnapping for financial gain also happens, and there have been allegations of police involvement. You should always remain alert and avoid travelling in higher risk areas, especially at night. Be discreet about discussing your financial or business affairs in places where others may overhear you.

Violence

Drug-related violence in Mexico has increased over recent years. Do not become involved with drugs of any kind.      

Some areas of Mexico have a high crime rate due to fighting between rival organised crime gangs. In these areas, there is a risk of being caught in the crossfire or of being mistaken for a gang member. While risks are lower in tourist areas, you should:

• take advice from local authorities or your hotel
• be aware of your surroundings at all times
• use reputable tourism or transport companies
• travel during the daytime where possible

Vehicle crime

Stay away from isolated roads and use toll roads ('cuotas') whenever possible. Keep car doors locked and windows closed, especially at traffic lights.

Violent carjackings and robberies happen along the Pacific Highway. If you suspect someone is following or watching you, drive to a police station or another safe place. Criminals have targeted large camper vans and sports utility vehicles (SUVs).

Criminals can deliberately cause traffic accidents to make insurance claims or get cash from the other party. They sometimes threaten violence or intimidation. Contact the authorities for support if necessary.

If you are involved in a carjacking, stay calm and surrender your valuables and your vehicle if asked. Resisting demands for your belongings can put you at significant risk of harm.

Roadblocks

In remote areas, you may come across unofficial roadblocks, including on main roads. Local groups seeking money for an unofficial toll control these roadblocks. They can become violent and deny entry.

Unlicensed taxis

Unlicensed taxi drivers have robbed and assaulted passengers, including in Mexico City. Use the better regulated 'sitio' taxis from authorised taxi ranks or ask your hotel to order you a taxi. At airports, only use authorised pre-paid airport taxi services.

Licensed taxi drivers protesting about Uber have blocked roads near Cancun's hotels. The protesters have pulled tourists from Uber taxis. Tourists have also missed flights due to roadblocks. Protests can happen without notice. Look for local announcements and follow your hotel's advice on how to avoid protests.

Public transport

Be alert on public transport, at airports and in bus stations. Theft on buses is common, so keep your belongings safe.

There is a risk of bus hijacking. Try to travel on first-class buses using toll roads, which have a lower rate of incidents than second and third-class buses travelling on the less secure free ('libre') roads. Most first-class bus companies perform security checks when passengers board the bus.

Women travelling alone on public transport have been harassed, robbed and sexually assaulted.

Cancun and other tourist destinations

The Mexican government makes efforts to protect major tourist destinations, including:

• Cancun
• Tulum
• Cozumel
• Los Cabos
• Nuevo Vallarta
• Playa del Carmen
• Puerto Vallarta

Criminals have physically and sexually assaulted British travellers in these locations. In some cases, hotel employees, taxi drivers and security personnel were involved. Hotel staff have sometimes been unhelpful and tried to convince victims not to contact police.

Rival criminal gangs have clashed in popular Cancun tourist destinations and surrounding areas. Gangs have not targeted tourists, but violent incidents could affect anyone nearby. Since 2021, several shootings have affected tourists.

Be very cautious after dark in downtown areas of Cancun, Tulum and Playa del Carmen. Stay in well-lit pedestrian streets and tourist zones. Follow advice from the local authorities and your tour operator.

Laws and cultural differences

For information on procedures, local laws or social services, you can contact Mexico City's public telephone service LOCATEL on 5658 1111 (English-speaking staff available).

Personal ID

The Mexican authorities can ask to see your passport and entry stamp to prove your entrance and stay. They do not accept copies or photos. To prove your visa status, you can get a digital registry of your entry documents from the Portal de Servicios INM (in Spanish). If you cannot show the correct documents, immigration officers may question and detain you while they check your immigration status. Depending on the outcome, they can deport you.

If you are a resident, the police may ask to see your Mexican residency card. They have detained British people for not having the correct documents.

Smoking and e-cigarette bans

It is illegal to bring e-cigarettes, vaping devices and solutions into Mexico or to buy and sell them. Customs officials will confiscate these items; and they could fine or detain you.

If you smoke or vape in a public place, you can get a fine of up to 3,000 Mexican pesos (about £150).

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

Do not become involved with drugs of any kind. Penalties for drug offences are severe and convictions carry sentences of up to 25 years.

LGBT+ travellers

Same-sex relations in Mexico are generally tolerated, rather than accepted. Civil unions between same-sex partners are legal in Mexico. People may frown on same-sex couples showing affection in public. Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Surrogacy in Mexico

Only some Mexican states legally recognise assisted human reproduction, including surrogacy. Before you consider a surrogacy arrangement in Mexico, make sure you:

• learn and follow the relevant laws and regulations
• meet all legal requirements to take the child out of Mexico
• get independent legal advice

For more information, see surrogacy overseas.

Hotel balconies

In some hotels, balcony railings are low and there is a risk of falling.

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

Adventure sports

If you take part in adventure sports, including paragliding, skydiving, scuba diving and jet-skiing, be aware equipment may not meet UK safety and insurance standards. British nationals participating in these activities have been injured and, in some cases, killed. Check your travel insurance covers you for all your planned activities.

Make sure the company you use:

• is reputable
• takes safety precautions
• uses up-to-date equipment
• is fully licensed and insured

Swimming safety

Sea conditions can be unpredictable, and some beaches are unpatrolled. Follow coastguard and local authority guidance on whether it is safe to swim.

See water safety on holiday from the Royal Life Saving Society. 

Sharks and crocodiles

Shark attacks are rare in Mexico, but you should take care, particularly when surfing. Research the area and follow local advice.

Crocodiles normally live in lagoons and coastal areas in Mexico, including Cancun and Pacific coast resorts. Respect warning signs around lagoons in these areas and do not walk close to the water. Crocodiles have attacked and seriously injured tourists in the past.

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in Mexico, see information on driving abroad.

You can use a UK photocard driving licence to drive in Mexico. If you still have a paper driving licence, you may need to update it to a photocard licence or get the 1926 version of the international driving permit (IDP) as well.

Driving standards

Driving standards are very different from the UK. Roads can have potholes, and conditions can be unpredictable. Be prepared to stop unexpectedly and beware of vehicles moving slowly, changing lane without indicating and going through red lights. Many drivers do not have car insurance.

Driving restrictions

To reduce pollution, the authorities ban cars entering parts of Mexico City and other places on some days of the week, based on their number plates. For details, check the Hoy no Circula programme (in Spanish).

The authorities strictly enforce these regulations. Offenders face heavy fines and temporary confiscation of their vehicle. Check with your car hire company to see if these rules apply to you.

In Mexico City, vehicles without registration plates from the State of Mexico ('Estado de Mexico') or Mexico City are not allowed to enter Mexico City from:

• Monday to Friday, 5am to 11am
• Saturday, 5am to 10pm

There may be further driving restrictions if air pollution is high, generally from February to June.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Hurricanes

The hurricane season in Mexico normally runs from June to November and can affect the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Tropical storms and hurricanes cause floods, landslides and disruption to local services, including transport networks. After a hurricane there can still be continued flooding, high winds and rainfall.

Monitor local and international weather updates from the US National Hurricane Center and follow the advice of local authorities and your tour operator, including evacuation orders.

In 2023, Hurricane Otis hit the south coast near Acapulco. This Category 5 hurricane seriously damaged infrastructure along the coast, in Acapulco and between Zihuatenejo and Punta Maldonado. Reconstruction efforts continue to disrupt tourism, and the security situation is unpredictable. FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the city of Acapulco.

Earthquakes

There is a risk of earthquakes in most parts of Mexico. Tremors happen regularly, particularly in the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero.

The US Federal Emergency Management Agency has advice about what to do before, during and after an earthquake or tsunami. There is also advice from the Mexican Ministry of Civil Protection (PDF) (in Spanish).

If you're in Mexico City, you can download the 911 CDMX app on iOS or Android (accessible only by local phone numbers), which can warn you 60 seconds before earthquake movement starts. Although useful, this app cannot warn you about all types of earthquake.

Volcanic eruptions

The volcanoes Popocatépetl and Colima are active and closed to the public. The danger zones around both volcanoes change depending on the current level of activity.

There is currently a 7-mile (12km) exclusion zone around Popocatépetl and the alert level is level 2 of the amber tier.

Ash fall from Popocatépetl has previously disrupted air travel and caused flight cancellations at Benito Juarez International Airport in Mexico City. Check your flight status with your airline or operator. You can also follow Benito Juárez airport on X.

Falling volcanic ash and toxic fumes can affect your health, especially if you suffer from a respiratory condition.

The Mexican Disaster Prevention Centre has updates on Popocatepetl, Colima and other volcanoes. There is also Mexican government information on X.

This section has safety advice for regions of Mexico. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice.

You should also read FCDO's overall travel advice and safety and security advice.

North

Drug-related violence affects the northern states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Sinaloa and Durango.

Many fatalities are suspected gang members killed in violent clashes between the different organisations competing for control of trafficking routes into the USA. Armed clashes between security forces and drug groups can happen at any time without warning. Take extreme care outside tourist areas in all these states.

Baja California, including Tijuana

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the city of Tijuana, except:

• airside transit through Tijuana airport
• the Cross Border Xpress bridge from the airport linking terminals across the Mexican-US border
• the federal toll road 1D and Via Rápida through Tijuana to the border

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the city of Tecate in Baja California, including roads between Tijuana and Tecate.  

If you cross the border by toll road 1D, try to do so during daylight hours or be very cautious after dark. Tijuana is an extremely violent city. Criminals could target you or you could get caught up in conflicts between rival groups.

Many businesses, including shops, follow an unofficial curfew, only opening during daylight hours due to the security threat. Organised crime groups are fighting for control over the city's drug trade and trafficking routes. There are high rates of kidnapping, murder and organised crime activity, particularly drug, human and arms trafficking.

Armed attacks and targeted killings happen across the state. Violent robberies are a particular issue in the urban centres of Tijuana, Mexicali and Ensenada. Be careful in Tijuana, Mexicali, Ensenada and Rosarito – armed criminals in these towns have targeted stores and bystanders in response to disputes with the government. There have also been incidents of vehicles being targeted by armed attacks. Stick to established tourist routes and destinations across the state and always stay aware of your surroundings.

Take care in Ciudad Juárez or other cities in northern states. Travel during daylight hours when possible, tell relatives or friends of your travel plans and only use reputable hotels.

Take the same precautions in the state of Baja California, including Tijuana. There is drug-related crime in Baja California Sur, including Los Cabos.

Chihuahua

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Chihuahua, except:

• the city of Chihuahua
• the border crossing in Ciudad Juárez (accessed by federal toll road 45)
• federal toll road 45D connecting the cities of Chihuahua and Ciudad Juárez
• the Copper Canyon rail route to and from Chihuahua and towns immediately on this route including Creel
• the road from Creel via San Juanito to San Pedro
• state highway 16 from San Pedro to Chihuahua

There are high levels of organised crime activity, particularly human and drugs trafficking. There is illegal drug cultivation in rural areas of the state, with associated criminal activity.

If you visit the Copper Canyon rail route, do not walk alone in the canyon or stray from the tourist trail. Complete all your activities within daylight hours. There is a risk you could be caught up in conflicts between rival organised crime groups operating in the area.

Sinaloa

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Sinaloa, except:

• the cities of Los Mochis and Mazatlán
• road 32 that runs between El Fuerte and Los Mochis
• the 15D federal toll road that runs the length of the state
• the Copper Canyon rail route to and from Los Mochis, El Fuerte and the towns immediately on this route

Armed robbery and vehicle theft has happened in El Fuerte. Avoid driving at night on the route between El Fuerte and Los Mochis.

There are high levels of drug cultivation in rural areas, leading to conflict between organised crime groups fighting for control.

Due to the presence of organised crime, there are high levels of drug-related violence. There are frequent gun battles between government security forces and organised crime groups, including in the city of Culiacán, leading to deaths and the destruction of security infrastructure.

Criminals do not usually target tourists, but you could be a victim of violence due to mistaken identity or on suspicion of spying for other organised criminal gangs – particularly if you are off the beaten tourist track.

Tamaulipas

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Tamaulipas, except:

• the border crossing at Nuevo Laredo accessed from Monterrey by federal toll road 85D – you should travel during daylight hours
• federal highways 80, 81 and 85 between Tampico, Ciudad de Victoria and Magueyes, and the entire area of Tamaulipas south of these highways

Tamaulipas is dangerous due to the presence of many organised crime groups who fight for control of drug trafficking routes. There is a risk of armed robbery and kidnap.

Zacatecas

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Zacatecas.

The state is extremely dangerous due to battles between organised crime groups for control of drug trafficking routes and rural areas of the state.

There are high levels of drug-related violence due to the strong presence of organised crime. Gun battles between state security forces and organised crime groups are frequent, leading to deaths and the destruction of security infrastructure.

East

There has been an increase in security incidents in the states of Tabasco and Veracruz, including the city of Veracruz. Illegal roadblocks are reported frequently. Be extremely cautious.

West and Central

Guanajuato

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the areas south-west of the road 45D. This includes the cities of Celaya and Irapuato as well as the municipalities of:

• Abasolo
• Acámbaro
• Cuerámaro
• Huanímaro
• Irapuato
• Jaral del Progreso
• Manuel Doblado
• Moroleón
• Pénjamo
• Pueblo Nuevo
• Purisima del Rincón
• Romita
• Salamanca
• Salvatierra
• San Francisco del Rincón
• Santiago Maravatío
• Silao de la Victoria
• Uriangato
• Valle de Santiago
• Yuriria

Guanajuato is a drug trafficking route. There has been an increase in security incidents and drug-related violence in the state of Guanajuato. Fuel thefts from plants and pipelines also happen. Organised crime activity is rampant, particularly in the south of the state. Shootouts are of particular concern in the state of Guanajuato as they can happen in populated areas and bystanders have been caught in the crossfire.

Michoacán

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Michoacán, except the:

• city of Morelia accessed by federal toll roads 15D, 126 and 43; and the federal toll road 48D between the city of Morelia and the General Francisco Mujica airport
• town of Pátzcuaro accessed by federal toll roads 14D and 15 from Morelia, and boat trips out to islands on Lake Pátzcuaro
• federal highway 15D

Michoacán is one of Mexico's most violent states with high levels of organised crime and very little security presence. The state's rural terrain makes it difficult for state security forces to respond to incidents.

There have been reports of local crime groups running illegal roadblocks and checkpoints in an attempt to control who enters and leaves. The Michoacán state government recommends foreign nationals to avoid this region.

Organised criminals are likely to be suspicious of foreign nationals in rural Michoacán. There is a high possibility of a misunderstanding resulting in violence. 

Jalisco

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the areas south and south-west of Lake Chapala to the border state of Colima, specifically the municipalities of:

• Acatlán de Juárez
• Amacueca
• Ameca
• Atemajac de Brizuela
• Atengo
• Atenguillo
• Atoyac
• Autlán de Navarro
• Ayutla
• Casimiro Castillo
• Chiquilistlán
• Cocula
• Cuautitlán de García Barragán
• Cuautla
• Ejutla
• El Grullo
• El Limón
• Gómez Farias
• Guachinango
• Juchitlán
• Mixtlán
• San Gabriel
• San Marcos
• San Martín Hidalgo
• Sayula
• Tapalpa
• Techaluta de Montenegro
• Tecolotlán
• Tenamaxtlán
• Teocuitatlán de Corona
• Tolimán
• Tonaya
• Tuxcacuesco
• Tuxcueca
• Unión de Tula
• Villa Corona
• Villa Purificación
• Zacoalco de Torres
• Zapotitlán de Vadill
• Zapotlán el Grande

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the northern municipalities of:

• Bolaños
• Chimaltitán
• Colotlán
• Hostotipaquillo
• Huejúcar
• Huequilla el Alto
• Mezquitic
• San Martin de Bolaños
• Santa Maria de los Ángeles
• Totatiche
• Villa Guerrero

This is due to inaccessibility for security forces, lack of state control, drugs cultivation and high levels of violence between rival criminal groups.

Colima

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the whole state of Colima, except the city of Manzanillo accessed by sea or by air via Manzanillo-Costalegre International Airport, and direct travel via road 200 from the airport to Manzanillo. Do not travel by other routes to the city of Manzanillo.

Colima has high levels of organised crime activity. Criminal organisations fight each other for control over the state, leading to gun battles on the streets of Colima City and throughout rural areas.

Guerrero, including Acapulco

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the state of Guerrero, except the town of Zihuatanejo/Ixtapa accessed by air.

Guerrero is a violent state with a history of insecurity. Organised crime is present throughout the state, including in central Acapulco and Chilpancingo. Armed crime, including shootings and executions, has happened both in and outside tourist areas in Acapulco and other areas of the state.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Otis, normal work by local authorities to reduce risks to tourists in Acapulco's tourist area has stopped while they focus on recovery efforts . There are reports of an increase in crime, robbery and looting across the city, including in previously designated tourist areas. Take extreme care if you travel to Acapulco.

Local crime groups control toll booths at illegal roadblocks. If you come across these, you will need cash to pay the fee so you can continue. If you're driving in Guerrero, avoid travel after dark and use toll roads where possible, although you may still experience disruptions.

The interior of the state is dangerous. Organised crime groups and local 'self-defence' groups often exert control over territory. These groups are likely to be suspicious of foreign nationals in rural Guerrero. There is a high possibility of a misunderstanding resulting in violence. There has been armed crime in and outside tourist areas in the state.

Centre

Criminal activity is a problem in the state of Mexico ('Estado de México'). Take care when travelling through the state, as well as outside of tourist areas. There has been:

• armed robbery on public transport
• vehicle theft on the highway
• petty crime

South

Chiapas

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to within 40km of the Guatemalan border between the Pacific Coast up to and including the border crossing at Gracias a Dio.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel on Federal Highway 199 (Carretera Federal 199) between Rancho Nuevo (just outside San Cristobal de las Casas) and the Chancalá junction just outside Palenque (where Federal Highway 199 meets Federal Highway 307).

The border between Chiapas and Guatemala is dangerous due to the presence of many organised crime groups who fight for control of drug- and human-trafficking routes. Gangs do not usually target tourists, but you could be a victim of violence due to mistaken identity or on suspicion of spying for other organised criminal gangs. There is a risk of being caught in crossfire between rival organised crime groups.

Illegal roadblocks and checkpoints are reported frequently on Federal Highway 199 (Carretera Federal 199) between Rancho Nuevo, just outside San Cristobal de las Casas, and Palenque. Protests by indigenous groups often block the road. There is a risk of kidnapping.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Dial 911 and ask for an ambulance.

In Mexico City, you can use emergency buttons on CCTV cameras across the city to immediately connect to the emergency services.

Outside of state capitals and larger urban areas, medical and emergency services may be limited. This includes immediate response, ambulances, basic medical equipment and expertise.

Contact your insurance or medical assistance company quickly if you're referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks 

At least 8 weeks before your trip:  

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Mexico
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you'll face in Mexico, including:  

• Zika virus
• chikungunya
• dengue
• air pollution

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Mexico. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Only drink boiled or bottled water and avoid ice in drinks.

Cyclospora 

There have been reported cases of Cyclospora, a food and water bug, affecting travellers returning from Mexico.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Many pharmacies in large cities in Mexico provide 24-hour service, including home deliveries of medication. You must get prescriptions issued outside of Mexico translated into Spanish. Local pharmacies may still decide to reject a foreign prescription. Many pharmacies have a GP who can assess a patient and prescribe medication.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Healthcare in Mexico

Not all hospitals will agree to deal directly with medical insurance companies. Be prepared to pay for treatment yourself up front and then get a refund.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Mexico where some staff will speak English. 

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) cannot provide tailored advice for individual trips. Read this travel advice and carry out your own research before deciding whether to travel.

Emergency services in Mexico

Telephone: 911 (ambulance, fire, police)

Mexico City Tourist Police

Telephone: (0052) 55 5207 4155

WhatsApp: (0052) 55 4891 1166

Contact your travel provider and insurer

Contact your travel provider and your insurer if you are involved in a serious incident or emergency abroad. They will tell you if they can help and what you need to do.

Refunds and changes to travel

For refunds or changes to travel, contact your travel provider. You may also be able to make a claim through insurance. However, insurers usually require you to talk to your travel provider first.

Find out more about changing or cancelling travel plans, including:

• where to get advice if you are in a dispute with a provider
• how to access previous versions of travel advice to support a claim

Support from FCDO

FCDO has guidance on staying safe and what to do if you need help or support abroad, including:

• finding English-speaking lawyers, funeral directors and translators and interpreters in Mexico
• dealing with a death in Mexico
• being arrested in Mexico
• getting help if you're a victim of crime
• what to do if you're in hospital
• if you are affected by a crisis, such as a terrorist attack

Contacting FCDO  

Help abroad   

See how to get help from the UK government abroad including in an emergency.  

Help in the UK   

You can call FCDO in London if you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad.   

Telephone: 020 7008 5000 (24 hours)   

Find out about call charges 

Get travel advice updates   

Sign up to get email notifications when this travel advice is updated.   

Follow and contact FCDO:  

• travel advice on X 

• travel advice on Facebook

Risk information for British companies

The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating in Mexico on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

Vaccinations

Title	Special Precautions
Malaria	No
Diphtheria	Sometimes*
Hepatitis A	Yes
Yellow Fever	No
Tetanus	Yes
Typhoid	Yes
Rabies	Sometimes*

Overview:

Comprehensive health insurance is recommended. Medical facilities are both private and state-organised and generally good. Medicines are often available without prescriptions, and pharmacists can diagnose and treat minor ailments.

Vaccinations Note:

* Potentially required if travelling for extended periods or in certain rural areas.

Food Drink:

Water in bottles or marked 'drinking/sterilised water' can be drunk without precautions. All other water should be boiled or sterilised before consuming. Milk in major cities, hotels and resorts is pasteurised, otherwise it will probably be unpasteurised. Travellers concerned about drinking unpasteurised milk will find powdered or tinned milk readily available. Only eat well-cooked meat and fish, cooked vegetables and peeled fruit.

Other Risks:

Diarrhoea and sunburn affect some travellers. Outbreaks of dengue fever have occurred, chiefly in the southeast states of Chiapas and Veracruz and the northern border states of Chihuahua and Tamaulipas. Rabies is present. If bitten, seek medical advice without delay. Owing to the high altitude and level of smog in Mexico City, visitors may take some time to acclimatise.

Currency Information:

Mexican Peso (MXN; symbol M$) = 100 centavos. Notes are in denominations of M$1,000, 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20. Coins are in denominations of M$10, 5, 2 and 1, and 50 and 20 centavos.

Note: The M$1,000 and M$500 notes can be difficult to change and are sometimes not accepted.

Credit Cards:

Mastercard, Visa and American Express cards are generally accepted by businesses catering to tourists, such as car rental agencies, airlines, some bus lines and higher-end hotels, shops and restaurants. (Credit companies add a surcharge of around 5% for foreign transactions.) At humbler establishments you'll need pesos to make purchases.

ATMs:

ATMs on the Cirrus and Plus networks are easily found in cities and towns throughout Mexico, dispensing pesos for holders of both debit and credit cards.

Travellers Cheques:

ATMs and credit cards mean traveller's cheques are less necessary as a means of carrying money than they used to be and not necessarily recommended. However, traveller's cheques issued by well-known brands can be cashed in exchange houses. Traveller's cheques in Pounds Sterling and Euros are now as readily accepted as those in US Dollars.

Banking Hours:

Mon-Fri 0900-1600; some banks are open longer hours and others are open on Saturday mornings.

Currency Restrictions:

There are no limits on the import and export of local currency and foreign currency. Amounts equivalent to US$10,000 and higher must be declared. Local and foreign currency can be exported up to the amount declared on the import. 

Currency Exchange:

The US dollar is widely accepted; indeed in some instances it can be difficult to pay in pesos. Currency exchange houses give a preferable rate of exchange to hotels and a much quicker service than banks. Not all banks in Mexico exchange money.

Currencies

Code	Symbol
MXN	M$

Exchange Rates

11.45

21.20

25.25

20.38

Language

Spanish is the official language (spoken by more than 90%). English is widely spoken. 8% speak indigenous languages, of which Nátinate is most common.

Overview:

Below are listed Public Holidays for the January 2014-December 2015 period.

.

List Of Public Holidays

Title	Start Date	To Be Confirmed
New Year's Day	2024-01-01 00:00:00	0
Constitution Day	2024-02-05 00:00:00	0
Birthday of Benito Ju	2024-03-18 00:00:00	0
Maundy Thursday	2024-03-28 00:00:00	0
Good Friday	2024-03-29 00:00:00	0
Labour Day	2024-05-01 00:00:00	0
Anniversary of the Battle of Puebla	2024-05-05 00:00:00	0
Independence Day	2024-09-16 00:00:00	0
D	2024-10-12 00:00:00	0
D	2024-11-02 00:00:00	0
Revolution Day	2024-11-18 00:00:00	0
Day of Our Lady of Guadalupe	2024-12-12 00:00:00	0
Christmas Day	2024-12-25 00:00:00	0

Overview:

The following goods may be brought into Mexico by travellers at least 18 years of age without incurring customs duty:

• 10 packs of cigarettes or 25 cigars or 200g of tobacco.
• 3L of spirits and 6L of wine.
• Other goods to the value of US$500 (if arriving by air or sea) or US$300 (if arriving by land). Mexican nationals may bring goods to the value of US$500 if arriving by land during holiday periods such as Easter week.

.

Banned Imports:

Prohibited or restricted items include narcotics, images depicting childhood in a degrading manner, live species of predatory fish, firearms and ammunition, and used clothing that is not part of your personal luggage.

Telephone:

Long-distance calls are very expensive.

Mobile Telephone:

Mobile phones can be purchased inexpensively, and credit can be added by prepaid card. Of the major providers, Telcel has the most thorough coverage. Roaming agreements exist with a few international mobile phone companies but is pricey.

Internet:

Internet is available in all regions. Most hotels in the mid-range and above categories provide Wi-Fi or access to connected computer terminals. There are also many inexpensive cyber-cafés in cities and towns throughout Mexico.

Post

Airmail to Europe takes about six days. Surface mail is slow, taking weeks if not months. Within the capital, there is an immediate delivery (entrega inmediata) service, which usually takes two or three days.

Post Office Hours:

Typically Mon-Fri 0900-1700. Some larger branches open on Saturday morning for a reduced range of services. In Mexico City, the Correo Mayor (main post office) is behind the Palacio de Bellas Artes and opens Mon-Sat 0800-2100 and Sun 0800-1900.

Media:

The major daily newspapers published in Spanish are El Universal, Excélsior, El Financiero, La Jornada and Reforma, all of which maintain web versions. Local English-language papers include The News, a daily running mostly reports from international wire services, and Inside Mexico, a monthly publication with useful information for tourists and expats. In the 2010 ‘Press Freedom Index', issued by Reporters without Borders, Mexico was close to the bottom of the league in the Americas; only Colombia and Cuba received a lower rank. Mexican reporters who get too close to drug-cartel or political corruption stories have a habit of ending up dead or disappearing, particularly in the north of the country where drug violence is rife.

Commemorate the dead on Isla Janitzio

Janitzio, off Lake Pátzcuaro, is considered the most magical place to witness Mexico's Day of the Dead festival, with candlelit boats conveying Purépecha villagers to the tiny island where they decorate the tombs of their loved ones in an all-night vigil. Similar ceremonies are held from midnight on 1 November to 2 November (All Souls' Day) in cemeteries throughout Mexico; respectful visitors are welcomed.

Cruise the canals of Xochimilco

They may be a world away from Venice, but the beautiful, tree-lined canals and floating gardens of Xochimilco also draw romantic couples floating on brightly painted trajineras (a type of gondola, usually accompanied by mariachi singers). The canals are the surviving remnants of the Aztecs' original lake and waterways built over by modern Mexico City.

Scale the peaks of Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl

The two snow-capped volcanoes east of Mexico City make for memorable hiking and climbing. Popo, though still active, is ringed by a series of indigenous villages and 16th-century monasteries, which are inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage list. Popo is a relatively easy hike, but dormant Izta should only be scaled by experienced climbers with proper gear.

Dip into an ancient cenote

The limestone terrain of the Yucatán peninsula is peppered with deep, naturally formed sinkhole pools known as cenotes, ideal for swimming or diving. Some, such as Xlacah near the archaeological site of Dzibilchaltún, have ritual significance for the local Maya. Others, like Dos Ojos near Akumal in the Yucatán Peninsula, connect to extensive underground cave networks.

See sunset at sacred Monte Albán

Monte Albán, a sacred ceremonial site and centre of the 2,000 year-old Zapotec culture, stands on a hilltop overlooking the surrounding valley. Relive the majestic past glory of this UNESCO World Heritage Site by watching sunset from the top of one of its prominent pyramids. The Central Plaza, the Ball Court, and some of the tombs are also open to the public.

Greet the dawn at Tulum

Seeing the sunrise over the Maya-Toltec ruins of Tulum, near Playa del Carmen, is well worth an early start. The intentionally top-heavy temples were dedicated to the setting sun, but if you want to avoid the evening crowds, explore in peace then take a pre-breakfast dip in the turquoise sea – the ruins virtually sit on the beach.

Shop for silver in Taxco

The ornate silver jewellery produced in Taxco is a joy to behold. Fortunes were made from the silver mines here in this stunning colonial town that is a delight to explore on foot. The first booty was sent back to Spain, but much wealth was also poured back into the Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastián, jewels of Churrigueresque architecture.

Tour the colourful talavera tiles of Puebla

For chic colonial-style, look no further than Puebla, one of the oldest and best-preserved cities in Mexico, nestled in the foothills of the central Sierra Madre. Many church domes and house walls are covered in talavera, colourful glazed tiles that are still produced by the town's artisans. In particular, don't miss the gorgeously decorated Patio de los Azulejos.

Climb the mighty pyramids of Teotihuacán

Lying to the northeast of Mexico City, Teotihuacán grew to be the largest of Mexico's pre-Hispanic cities, constructing vast pyramids that surpass those of the ancient Egyptians. Its greatest building is the Pyramid of the Sun, standing at a height of 63m (207ft). It is joined on the Avenue of the Dead to the Pyramid of the Moon, which was originally part of a 'Moon Plaza'.

Discover Mexico’s living Maya culture

An enclave of traditional Maya culture in the Chiapas highlands, San Cristobal is known for its magnificent weaving: the intricately designed huipiles (loose-fitting blouse) woven and worn by local women open a window on Maya cosmology. San Cristóbal is surrounded by fascinating indigenous villages like San Juan Chamula and Zinacantán.

Saddle up on a Mexican ranch

Luxury guest ranches let you play at being a charro – Mexico's more dressy version of the US western cowboy – with action-packed days in the saddle and relaxing evenings of fine local cuisine and indulgent tequila tastings. Horseback adventures are available all over the country, from a few hours riding for beginners, to weeklong stays in a traditional hacienda, trekking deep into the countryside.

Dive off Cozumel

From Baja California's deep Pacific waters to the warm Caribbean Sea, Mexico offers some fine dive sites. The reefs surrounding Cozumel island are prized diving spots known for their tropical marine life and unusual coral formations. Other fine spots for diving or snorkelling include Banco Chinchorro coral atoll off Yucatán's Costa Maya, and southern Baja California and Zihuatanejo on the Pacific coast.

Party all night in Cancun

Hedonists should book a ticket to one of Cancún's 15,000-capacity beach parties, which go on all night and most of the day. Spring Break is the ultimate party period, when many American students come to town to let their hair down. For a more distinctively Mexican blowout, try the Pacific port of Mazatlán for Carnival (preceding Ash Wednesday).

Plunge into the mayhem of Mexico City

One of the world's biggest cities, Mexico's capital brims with historic and cultural attractions. Its gigantic main square is overlooked by the imposing Catedral Metropolitana and flanked by the remains of the ceremonial centre of the original Aztec city of Tenochtitlán. Of the city's myriad museums, the one must-see is the vast National Museum of Anthropology, covering Mexico's astounding archaeological legacy by region.

Sink into a bubbling hot spa

Central America's ancient civilisations knew what was good for them and they made full use of Mexico's countless hot springs. Follow in the footsteps of the Aztecs with a relaxing spa break. Many luxury resorts boast a pampering spa, but natural hot springs offer a more authentic experience, with many in volcanically active central states including Puebla and near the colonial town of San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato,

Experience the equinox at Chichén-Itzá

The ceremonial city of Chichén-Itzá was built over 1,000 years ago, but the Maya mystique still draws crowds. The best time to visit is during the spring or autumn equinox when shadows show Kukulcan, a Mayan snake deity, working his way up the steps. Other amazing but less-visited Maya sites include Calakmul in southern Campeche and Bonampak, with its polychromatic murals, in Chiapas.

All aboard the Tequila Express

Home to Mexico's most popular export, the town of Guadalajara in Jalisco state sits amidst fields of blue agave, the plant that is the basis of tequila. You can sample José Cuervo and Sauza's finest liquor at the distilleries, which can be reached via the Tequila Express, a lively tourist train that wends through agave fields whilst plying passengers with tequila.

Find your own personal beach paradise

Mexico boasts fantastic beaches along both coasts. On the Baja California Peninsula, many head for Los Cabos, to San Lucas and San José. On the Caribbean side, make for Isla de Mujeres, a slender island off the Yucatán coast fringed by crushed coral sands. Surfers wil be right at home on the Pacific coast, notably along the Costa Azul of southern Baja, as well as to Sayulita and Puerto Escondido.

Overview

There is no shortage of shopping opportunities in Mexico, from fashionable clothing boutiques to bustling market places selling traditional indigenous crafts. Taxco is renowned for fine jewellery and silverware; Oaxaca for mezcal, alebrijes (fanciful animal figurines) and distinctive black pottery; Saltillo for beautiful sarapes (colour-banded shawls); León for leatherwork and cowboy boots; Mérida, Yucatán for hammocks; and Guerrero state for masks, all of which make great gifts. The best woodworkers are in Guadalajara, but furniture from the region is on sale in Mexico City, as are crafts from all other parts of the country.

Market buildings are fun to explore throughout the country, as much to observe the activity as to pick up souvenirs. La Merced in Mexico City and Mercado La Libertad in Guadalajara are among the biggest, most frenetic markets in the country. However, many Mexicans do their shopping in glitzy, modern malls with all the usual department stores, boutiques and franchises.

Opening Hours

Mon-Sat 1000-2000 in big towns and cities; shops in smaller towns may close midday for lunch, usually from 1400 to 1600.

Overview

Mexican cuisine is a gloriously rich mix, reflecting the many cultural influences the country has absorbed throughout its history. Nevertheless, the main ingredient in Mexican meals is the humble but versatile corn, prepared in every conceivable way.

A basket of hot tortillas – savoury cornmeal pancakes – is always on the table. Tacos, available everywhere, consist of crispy tortillas topped with beef, pork or fish. And there's a huge range of corn-based antojitos (snacks), including those listed below, which are staples at street stalls across the country.

Fresh fish and shellfish are the main attraction along both coasts. For vegetarians, nopales, the succulent leaves of the prickly pear cactus are a good option, as are squash blossoms and all kinds of wild mushrooms. Also look out for exotic fruits like zapote (sapodilla) and tuna (cactus fruit).

Regional Specialities

Tipping

Service charges are rarely added to hotel, restaurant or bar bills and many of the staff depend on tips for their livelihood. 15% is expected and 20% if the service has been very good.

Drinking Age

18.

Hotels

All-inclusive packages are very popular in large resorts such as Cancún, where pay-as-you-go tariffs are often referred to as 'European Plan'. The all-inclusive plans will typically include all meals, snacks, non-alcoholic and (domestic) alcoholic beverages - imported wines and spirits will cost extra. In terms of activities, non-motorised watersports are free, and planned entertainment is often provided in the evening. Spa treatments are usually extra. Some resorts are specifically family-oriented and others are adults-only.

Hotels in Mexico are plentiful, from humble guesthouses to large international chains. In between, there are numerous mid-priced establishments. Hotels in that category are usually clean and comfortable and may vary in style from strictly functional business blocks to lovingly restored historic edifices. Every hotel in Mexico is required to display officially approved rates for low and high season. Outside of the Christmas and Easter seasons, it is rarely necessary to book ahead, and many hotels, particularly in resort areas, offer substantial discounts. If you do make reservations, obtain confirmation of rates in writing or by e-mail.

Camping Caravaning

Official campgrounds are generally designed for RV (recreational vehicle) travellers but you may pitch a tent at a reduced rate. Facilities are most easily found at beach resorts, in northern Mexico or other places that see visitors from the US. At low-key beaches it is often possible to pitch a tent on hotel grounds. For an unofficial list of RV parks in Mexico, consult Sanbachs (www.sanbachs.net/cgi-bin/mexico/mexicot.cgi).

Other

History

Mexico's early civilizations remain a source of pride to modern Mexicans. The pyramids of Teotihuacán, north of Mexico City, attest to the extraordinary achievement of a society that flourished around the same time as the Roman Empire then mysteriously disappeared. The legacy of the great Maya civilisation continues to reverberate amongst its descendants on the Yucatán Peninsula and in southeast Mexico. These and other great civilizations had developed before the Aztecs established their empire at Tenochtitlán, the predecessor of modern Mexico City. The Maya, above all, asserted their hegemony over central Mexico and beyond, through present-day Central America.

When the Spanish arrived on Mexico's Gulf Coast in 1517, the Aztec Empire was in disarray and widely reviled by its far-flung subjects. This situation greatly facilitated the Spanish conquest of Mexico and within two years the European invaders had taken over the Aztec domains. Catholic missionaries arrived in the new Spanish colony to evangelize the masses of Indians. Thus were planted the seeds of the “mestizaje”, the blending of European and indigenous peoples and cultures that still characterizes the complex racial mix of today's Mexico.

The three centuries of Spanish rule that followed were primarily devoted to exploiting the colony's vast silver reserves and enslaving the populace to that end. The ensuing decades of political instability culminated in the regime of Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910), which modernised Mexico's industry and infrastructure while trampling on the civil and economic rights of most Mexicans. This state of affairs sparked the Mexican Revolution (1910-20), a devastating conflict that ushered in a version of democratic government with a single political party, the PRI, at the helm for the next seven decades.

Electoral reforms implemented by President Ernesto Zedillo (1994-2000) facilitated the election of an opposition-party candidate, Vicente Fox, for the first time in the country's modern history. Fox’s party, PAN (Partido Accion Nacional), represented a broad platform of centrist, Catholic principles, which challenged PRI’s historic dominance

Mexico celebrated the bicentennial of its independence from Spain in 2010 but remained preoccupied by a vicious conflict against and between bands of drug cartels. The tough stance advocated by President Felipe Calderón, and continued by his successor, Enrique Peña Nieto, has taken an unprecedented human toll and sadly tarnished the country's international image.

Did you know?
• Contrary to popular belief, agave, the main ingredient of tequila, is not a cactus, but is a plant related to the lily.
• Mezcal, Mexico’s other agave-based spirit, usually includes an agave worm, which is eaten as a delicacy.
• Chapo Guzman, leader of the Sinaloa Cartel, was once smuggled out of prison in a laundry cart. He was re-captured in 2016.

Religion

89% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant and 6% other denominations.

Social Conventions

Handshaking is the most common form of greeting. Casual wear is acceptable during the day throughout Mexico. At beach resorts, clothing is very informal for men and women. In Mexico City, however, appearance tends to be smart in elegant restaurants and hotel dining rooms. Smoking is banned in all enclosed public places, punishable by stiff fines and even a jail sentence - although smoking in bars and restaurants is permitted if they have separate rooms or outdoor areas.

Best Time To Visit:

Mexico is a great destination to visit throughout the year. Altitude is a determining factor with regards to the weather, with cooler temperatures at higher elevations (Mexico City, Puebla, San Cristóbal de las Casas) and warmer, tropical weather as you descend to sea level (Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, Cancun).

Along the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, the winter months (November-February) are warm and sunny. Many Europeans visit during this time to escape winter in their homelands. The summer months (June-August), meanwhile, are very hot and humid with heavy rain showers and the occasional hurricane.

October and November are perhaps the best months to visit the interior, after the rains have ended and everything is still green.

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Required Clothing

This varies from area to area. Natural fibres are best in the heat, but have a sweater on hand as the nights are generally cooler. A sun hat will help to avoid dehydration. In the mountains, heavier clothing will be required.

Dialing Code:

+52

Area(sq km):

1964375

Population:

128.932.753

Population Density(per sq km):

62

Population Year:

2020

EU Member:

No

Main emergency number

065