Egypt Travel Guide

Overview

Capital:

Cairo (El Qahira).

Geography:

Traditional home of the roaming Bedouin, most of Egypt's landmass is comprised of flat, mostly featureless desert, supportive of minimal vegetation.

The Mediterranean Sea forms Egypt's northern border, bringing cooler weather to the seaboard city of Alexandria and providing a coastal getaway for Cairo's residents. To the east, lies the mountainous Sinai Peninsula, which borders Israel and the Palestinian Territories; to the south, the deserts of Egypt quietly roll into the deserts of Sudan; to the west, the Great Western Desert forms an almost seamless wilderness through Libya and beyond.

Sinai is divided from the main landmass of Africa by the country's busy shipping lane, the Suez Canal. For centuries, however, it was the River Nile, plied by felucca (traditional Nile sailing boats), that provided the main conduit for trade along the country's length. Railways and roads now compete for that distinction, but the Nile remains an important economic and cultural artery.

The Nile perfuses the Delta north of Cairo, supporting 90% of the population in a flood land of cotton and rice-growing crops. The river's potency has been reduced since the building of the Aswan Dam; on the positive side, the dam has provided the country with a safe and reliable electricity supply - and has had the side effect of keeping the crocodiles out.

Getting There

Getting There By Air

Egypt is well served by international airlines that fly direct from around the world, including multiple routes operated by its national carrier, EgyptAir (www.egyptair.com). British Airways (www.ba.com) offers direct flights from the UK. The main international airports are in Cairo, Alexandria, Sharm el Sheikh, Luxor, Marsa Alam and Aswan. Charter flights depart mainly from Europe and the Middle East into the Red Sea coast airports.

The most expensive time to fly is spring and autumn, with the cheapest time of year being during the months of July and August.

Major airports are: Cairo International Airport, Sharm El-Sheik International Airport, Hurghada International Airport.

Air Travel Note

 From 22 October 2019, UK airlines can resume flights to Sharm el-Sheikh after lifting the travel ban, which was imposed in four years earlier following security concerns.

Departure Tax

Included in the air fare.

Flight Times

To Cairo: from London - 4 hours 40 minutes; New York - 10 hours 30 minutes.

Getting There By Road

Egypt, which is bordered by Sudan in the south, Libya to the west, Israel and the Gaza strip to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, is not easily accessed by road and bureaucracy at border points can prevent entry by both car drivers and coaches. The border crossing to Israel at Rafah is closed.

Getting There By Water

There are currently no ferry routes linking Egypt with mainland Europe. Daily ferries ply the route between Nuweiba and Taba on Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and Aqaba in Jordan. There is an intermittent ferry service along the Nile between Wadi Halfa in Sudan and Egypt’s High Dam, and a car ferry service from Jeddah to Suez via the Suez canal.

Getting Around

Getting Around By Air

The safest, and quickest, way to get around Egypt is by air, especially as travel by road can be hazardous. EgyptAir (www.egyptair.com) operates daily flights between the international airports at Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, Aswan, Sharm El Sheikh, Assiut, Mersa Matrouh, Sohag and Hurghada, with flight times scheduled for convenient morning and evening departures. Flight times are short; between Cairo and Luxor, for example, the flight is just 45 minutes. It is advisable to book well ahead of your trip.

Bike

You would have to have a death wish to cycle in Cairo. That said, in Luxor it’s a pleasant way to get around town, and there are many places for bicycle hire especially on the west bank.

Breakdown Services

Major car hire companies like Hertz, Avis and Budget, which have offices in the airports, offer breakdown services.

Car Hire

Car hire is available through international and local car hire companies. The driver must be at least 25 years of age.

Coach

Long-distance buses and coaches connect the country’s major towns and can be fast and inexpensive. Tickets can be booked for all routes at the Cairo Gateway bus terminal. The East Delta Bus company serves the Sinai Peninsula. It is affiliated to the West Delta Company (www.westmidbus-eg.com) which covers the Western Desert, and the Upper Egypt Company (www.bus.com.eg) which runs services around the delta to Cairo, the Nile Valley and the Red Sea coastal region.

Documentation

Third-party insurance is compulsory and should be included in your car hire agreement. An International Driving Permit is required to drive any motor vehicle. A carnet de Passage or a suitable deposit is necessary for the temporary import of your own vehicle.

Getting Around By Rail

A comprehensive rail network run by Egyptian National Railways (tel: +20 2 2574 8279; https://enr.gov.eg) offers a high standard of service, with a range of fast and slow services. Routes operate from Salloum on the Libyan border to Alexandria and Cairo, and south down the Nile from Cairo to Luxor and Aswan. There are also links to Port Said and Suez and frequent trains between Cairo and Alexandria. Reduced fares are available for children.

To serve the Nile Valley tourist trade, several luxury air-conditioned day and night trains with sleeping and restaurant cars run from Cairo to Luxor and Aswan. For the overnight train, make bookings through a travel agent, or through Ernst (www.wataniasleepingtrains.com).

Regulations

The speed limit is usually 90kph (56mph) on motorways and 100kph (62mph) on the desert motorway from Cairo to Alexandria. Seatbelts must be worn when travelling. All vehicles (including motorcycles) are required by law to carry a fire extinguisher and a red hazard triangle.

Getting Around By Road

The road network in Egypt serves the Nile Delta to Sinai and Cairo, and then follows a course along the banks of the Nile to Abu Simbel via Luxor and Aswan. Desert roads link the oases of the Western Desert and the Red Sea resorts via the Eastern Desert.

Road Quality

There are motorways in and around Cairo but the standard of driving is notoriously chaotic. Motorways are generally in good condition. Roads along the Mediterranean and African Red Sea coasts, and the route looping through the Western Desert oases from Asyut to Giza are fully paved. Private motoring in the desert regions is not recommended without suitable vehicles and a guide.

Side Of Road

r

Taxi

Taxis are available in all the larger cities and are metered. In Cairo, taxis are white and black, in Alexandria they are orange and black. Long-distance group taxis for all destinations are relatively cheap. It’s important to agree fares in advance. Be prepared to haggle if necessary.

Urban Travel

The government-owned Cairo Transport Authority runs buses and tram services in Cairo and also operates cross-Nile ferries. There is a central area flat fare. In addition, there are other buses and fixed-route shared taxi and minibus services run by private operators. Vehicles normally wait at city terminals to obtain a full load, but there are frequent departures. Fares are three to four times higher than on the buses with the advantage of a little more comfort. The easiest way to get around Cairo is using the modern Metro.

Alexandria has buses and tramways, with first- and second-class and distance-regulated fares. The trundling tram, although quaint, can be very slow to travel through the city.

Luxor has minibuses with fixed routes. A more picturesque way to travel around the city is in a caleche (horse-drawn cart). Aswan and Luxor also have passenger boats criss-crossing the Nile.

Getting Around By Water

There are slow and fast ferry services linking Hurghada with Sharm el-Sheikh in Sinai (journey times - 1 hour 30 minutes (fast ferry) or 6 hours (slow ferry)). The traditional Nile sailing boats, feluccas, can be hired by the hour for relaxed sailing on the Nile. Regular Nile cruises operate between Luxor and Aswan, and sometimes between Cairo and Aswan.

Travel Advice

Areas where FCDO advises against travel

Egypt-Libya border

FCDO advises against all travel to within 20km of the Egypt-Libya border, except for the town of El Salloum, where we advise against all but essential travel.

North Sinai

FCDO advises against all travel to the North Sinai Governorate.

Northern part of South Sinai

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the northern part of the South Sinai Governorate, beyond the St Catherine-Nuweibaa road, except for the coastal areas along the west and east of the peninsula.

Eastern part of Ismailiyah Governorate

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the Ismailiyah Governorate east of the Suez Canal.

Western Desert

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the area west of the Nile Valley and Nile Delta regions, except for:

• Luxor, Qina, Aswan, Abu Simbel and the Valley of the Kings
• the Faiyum Governorate
• the coastal areas between the Nile Delta and Marsa Matruh
• the Marsa Matruh-Siwa road
• the oasis town of Siwa
• the Giza Governorate north-east of the Bahariya Oasis
• the White Desert and Black Desert
• the oasis towns of Bahariya, Farafra, Dakhla (Mut) and Kharga
• the following roads and the desert area between them and the Nile valley:
  • the road between Giza and Farafra and within 50km either side of this road (but FCDO advises against all but essential travel on the road between Bahariya and Siwa)
  • the road between Farafra, Dakhla (Mut) and Kharga
  • the road between Kharga and Baris
  • the road between Baris and Luxor

Hala'ib Triangle and Bir Tawil Trapezoid

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the Hala'ib Triangle and the Bir Tawil Trapezoid.

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel.

Conflict in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs)  

International borders in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs) could close at short notice, including the Taba border crossing between Israel and Egypt. Check with local authorities and read Israel travel advice and OPTs travel advice before trying to cross.

Entering Egypt from Gaza     

The Rafah border crossing is currently closed. When re-opened, Israel, Egypt and the authorities in Gaza may determine procedures for who is permitted to cross and when.

If you are a British national in Gaza who wants to leave Gaza, see Israel travel advice and OPTs travel advice.  

Humanitarian aid workers cannot enter or exit Gaza through Egypt at this time.   

Sending aid to Gaza from Egypt

The Egyptian authorities have said all aid to Gaza must go through the Egyptian Red Crescent. Standard operating procedures can be found on the Logistics Cluster website. The authorities are unlikely to consider requests for humanitarian access made in Egypt at short notice.

Concern for friends and family

If you are concerned about friends or family, or need support from the UK government, call the British Embassy in Cairo.

Telephone: + 20 (0)2 2791 6000

If you have technical difficulties using this number, call +44 1767 667 600 (UK number). 

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to:

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

FCDO provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

Get travel advice updates

Sign up to get email notifications when this travel advice is updated. 

Follow and contact FCDO:   

• travel advice on X

• travel advice on Facebook

• Travel Aware on Instagram

This information is for people travelling on a full 'British citizen' passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government's understanding of Egypt's current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Egypt set and enforce entry rules. If you're not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the Egyptian Consulate General in the UK.

Passport validity requirements

To enter Egypt, your passport must have an 'expiry date' at least 6 months after the date you arrive and have at least one blank page.   

Check with your travel provider that your passport and other travel documents meet requirements. Renew your passport if you need to.

You will be denied entry if you do not have a valid travel document or try to use a passport that has been reported lost or stolen. 

Visa requirements

British passport holders travelling to Egypt normally need a visa.

If you are staying for less than 15 days at resorts in Sharm el Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba or Taba, you do not need a visa. You will get a free entry permission stamp on arrival. If you plan to travel outside the resorts or stay more than 15 days, you must get a visa. You can get a visa at Sharm el Sheikh airport or online.     

Applying for a visa

You can apply for a visa:

• online – getting an e-visa in advance can help to prevent delays, tourist e-visas are valid for up to 3 months
• in person or by post – apply through the Egyptian Consulate General in the UK
• on arrival in Egypt – approved airports have kiosks in the arrival hall before you reach the immigration counters where you can buy a visa for 25 US dollars (cash only – Egyptian officials prefer dollars, but you may be able to pay in British pounds or euros, visas on arrival are valid for up to 30 days)

British passport holders from British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies cannot apply online. 

Visa extensions

You can apply for a visa extension at the Egyptian Passport and Immigration Offices. If you try to leave Egypt on an expired visa, you may face difficulties. You may get a fine if your visa has expired by more than 14 days. Contact the Egyptian Consulate General in the UK for more information.

Visa agents in airports

You do not need to buy a visa from an agent. Agents often charge more than the required 25 US dollars. If an agent harasses you, report the incident to the tourist police in the airport terminal.

Egypt-Sudan border crossing

If you cross the border from Sudan, you can get a visa on arrival for 25 US dollars (cash only).

If you are a British national and have crossed the border without valid documentation, contact the British Embassy in Cairo on + 20 (0) 2 2791 6000. See Regional risks.

Vaccine requirements

To enter Egypt, you must have a certificate to prove you've had a yellow fever vaccination if you're coming from a country listed as a transmission risk.

For full details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro's Egypt guide.

HIV test for work permits

You will need to show HIV test results to apply for a work permit.

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods you can take into or out of Egypt. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty. Contact the Egyptian Consulate General in the UK for more information about customs rules.

Taking money into or out of Egypt

You can bring up to 5,000 Egyptian pounds into or out of Egypt.

You must declare foreign currency worth more than 10,000 US dollars on arrival – there is no limit to the amount of foreign currency you can bring.

Electronic devices and other valuables

You must declare some valuables, including electronic devices and video cameras, when you arrive. Officials will note these in your passport. They may ask you to show the items when you leave the country. If you do not have them, you may have to pay a high rate of customs duty.

Satellite phones or radio equipment

Officials are likely to confiscate satellite phones or radio communications equipment unless you have prior clearance from the Ministry of Telecommunications.

This guide also has safety advice for regions of Egypt. 

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.  

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out more about the global threat from terrorism.

Terrorism in Egypt

Terrorism is a risk across Egypt, particularly in North Sinai. Attacks could be indiscriminate. Targets might include:

• Egyptian security forces
• religious sites
• large public gatherings
• places visited by foreign nationals

The authorities in Egypt have a significant security presence across the country, including armed security officers at important sites, critical infrastructure and road checkpoints. Extra measures are in place at tourist sites.

Recent attacks include:

• in 2022, an attack to the west of the Suez Canal targeting security forces within the city of Ismailiyah
• in 2019, at least 20 people killed by a car bomb in Central Cairo's Manial district
• in 2019, at least 16 people injured after an IED attack on a tourist bus near the Giza pyramids
• in 2019, 3 security personnel killed by a suicide bomber in Central Cairo's Darb al-ahmar district

There are frequent terrorist attacks in North Sinai. Most attacks are in the north-east corner of the governorate between Al-Arish city and the border with Gaza. Most attacks in North Sinai are against the Egyptian government and military installations and personnel. However, terrorists have attacked civilians suspected of working with the authorities and local religious minority groups.

Terrorism during holiday periods

There is a heightened threat of terrorism in and around religious sites and during religious festivals, such as the month of Ramadan and the Christmas period (including Coptic Christmas in January). Terrorists have attacked over local holiday weekends. The Egyptian Presidency website has a list of public holidays.

Follow the advice of Egyptian authorities and be vigilant in crowds and large gatherings.

Regional escalation

Ongoing hostilities in the region and between Israel and Lebanon could escalate quickly and pose risks for the wider region.

On 1 October, Iran launched around 200 ballistic missiles at Israel. On 26 October, Israel carried out military action against Iran.

Monitor this travel advice and other media as the situation is changing fast. Follow and contact FCDO travel on X, Facebook and Instagram. You can also get email notifications when this travel advice is updated.

Read FCDO advice if you're affected by a crisis abroad.    

Political situation

The political environment in Egypt is restrictive. Security forces have responded violently to protests and disturbances, resulting in a number of deaths.

Protests, marches and demonstrations could happen across Egypt, particularly after Friday prayers. They are more common in cities and could happen at short notice. Avoid large gatherings, demonstrations and protests as the situation could change quickly and without warning. Police have used water cannons, tear gas, birdshot and live ammunition as crowd control. The authorities may close public spaces, including parks and beaches, at short notice, particularly around holidays. If you do not follow their instructions, you could be fined or arrested.

Foreign nationals involved in any political activity or activities critical of the government may be at risk of detention or other measures.

There are reports that security personnel are checking personal electronic devices, particularly around public gathering places, such as Tahrir Square.  

Crime

Take extra care when travelling alone, particularly at night, in taxis and microbuses. The crime rate is generally low, but visitors have reported:

• armed robberies
• muggings, including in taxis
• sexual assaults
• break-ins to accommodation and cars
• pickpocketing and bag-snatching

To report a crime, phone the tourist police on 126. If you do not report a crime before you leave Egypt, it will be difficult to prosecute later.

Sexual assault and harassment

A number of sexual assaults have been reported to the British Embassy, including cases involving minors.

The majority of cases that have been reported took place in tourist resorts in the Red Sea region, often committed by someone the victim had already met, including hotel workers and excursion staff. There have also been reports of hotel staff discouraging incidents being reported to local police. 

Female travellers should exercise caution when travelling alone, particularly at night, in buses, taxis and microbuses. If you are travelling on public transport including microbuses, avoid being the last passenger left on board.

Take extra precautions:

• make sure children and young people are always accompanied by known and trusted people and not left alone with hotel or excursion staff
• do not allow hotel staff to enter your room when you are alone – try to ensure a friend or relative is present
• avoid travelling in a taxi alone – if this is not possible, apply extra security by sharing the details of your driver and trip with a friend, and using live location on WhatsApp
• use reputable providers for any services and excursions, and carry out research beforehand, including by consulting your tour operator where you have one
• avoid sharing personal contact or social media details

See advice for women travelling abroad and information for British nationals affected by rape or sexual assault abroad.

If you experience sexual harassment or assault, or if you feel threatened or unsafe, report it to the hotel or local authorities.

Tourist police: 126

Local police: 122

British Embassy in Cairo: +20 2 279 1 6000

All numbers provide English speakers.

Protecting your belongings

Take particular care of your possessions on buses, trains and in crowds. Criminals may ride past on bikes and snatch valuables.

Keep a copy of your passport, visa and flight ticket separately from originals when travelling. Leave copies at home where others can access them and store them electronically so you can access them easily. If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the police immediately and get a police report. You will need a police report to get visa stamps transferred to your replacement passport.     

Scammers and touts at tourist sites

Be cautious in tourist areas, where scammers and touts target foreign nationals.

Touts may confront tourists at popular tourist sites, such as the Giza pyramids, and aggressively ask for money or business. This can even happen when you're in a car or taxi. If you use a pre-booked guide or take an organised tour to visit the pyramids, you are likely to face fewer difficulties. 

Laws and cultural differences

Egypt is predominantly an Islamic country. Always respect local traditions, customs, laws and religions. Make sure you do not cause offence, especially during Ramadan or when you visit religious areas.

Religion

It is illegal to encourage people to convert to Christianity.

Ramadan

Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. Ramadan in Egypt in 2025 will likely begin 28 February or 1 March and last for 30 days. Get more advice when you arrive from your tour guide, hotel or business contacts.

You should also:

• check opening hours of shops and restaurants
• be aware that if hotels and restaurants are providing food or drink in fasting hours, they may separate you from Islamic guests, for example with screens
• follow local dress codes – clothing that does not meet local dress codes may cause more offence at this time
• be aware that driving may be erratic, particularly when people are trying to get home at dusk
• be patient and show tolerance

Personal ID

Police check ID regularly and will ask to see your passport. They may detain you if you cannot show it.

Dress code

Dress modestly, especially in rural areas, mosques and souqs (markets).

Behaviour in public

Showing affection in public is frowned upon. Holding hands is generally fine, but there are places in Egypt where this is looked down on. Behaviour accepted in tourist resort areas may not be tolerated elsewhere.

Alcohol laws

Drinking alcohol anywhere other than a licensed restaurant or bar is illegal and can lead to arrest.

Illegal drugs penalties

Possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs is a serious offence and can, even for small amounts, lead to life imprisonment or the death penalty. People who get a life sentence on drugs charges normally spend the rest of their lives in prison with no chance of parole or a pardon.

Khat is illegal in Egypt.

Criticising the Egyptian government

Making political or negative comments about the Egyptian government, including about the President or security forces, can cause trouble with the authorities. People have faced prison sentences for making insulting comments on social media.

Photography and filming restrictions

You must get a permit to enter Egypt with professional photography or film equipment. This includes photography umbrellas, artificial outdoor lighting gear and any equipment that occupies or blocks public roads.

It is illegal to take or share photos that could be considered damaging to the country's image.

Ministry of Tourism regulations on photography say that you must get an Egyptian citizen's written permission before you take their photo. Taking pictures of children is prohibited. Do not photograph officials without their consent.

It is illegal to take photos of, or near, military property. This includes the Suez Canal.

The police have arrested British nationals for photographing churches, electricity stations, train stations and bridges. If you are in any doubt, get permission before taking photos. There are sensitivities about taking photographs of:

• embassies
• government buildings
• churches
• religious buildings

Drones

It is illegal to use radio-controlled helicopters or drones to take photos near sensitive sites.     

Do not import, use or produce drones in Egypt unless the Egyptian Ministry of Defence gives you permission beforehand. Anyone who uses or imports drones without permission could get a prison sentence of up to 7 years or a fine of 5,000 to 50,000 Egyptian pounds.

LGBT+ travellers

Same-sex sexual activity is not explicitly criminalised in Egypt. However, the Egyptian authorities have prosecuted LGBT+ people under 'debauchery' laws, including people flying rainbow flags at public events.

There is little public acceptance of same-sex relationships in Egypt. Same-sex couples showing affection in public are likely to receive negative attention.

Be cautious about sharing content or having discussions of a sexual nature on social media, especially about sexual acts that are considered illegal. Some travellers have been arrested and imprisoned for this.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Child custody law

Egyptian family law is very different from UK law, particularly around child custody. See International parental child abduction for information and how to get assistance.

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

Insurance for adventure activities

Make sure your travel insurance, or the tour or dive company, will cover the costs for any air or sea rescue, which can cost more than 4,000 US dollars per hour. The Egyptian authorities will only start rescue operations when they are guaranteed payment. Book excursions for activities at your resort or through approved agents or tour operators.

See Foreign travel insurance for more information.

Hot air balloons

Speak to your tour company before booking a hot air balloon flight. Some UK tour operators have stopped selling balloon flights because they have not been able to verify safety standards.

Diving and snorkelling

Safety standards of Red Sea resort diving operators vary considerably. Very inexpensive operators may not provide adequate safety and insurance standards. You should:

• make bookings through your tour representative if possible
• not dive or snorkel without a dive buddy or guide
• not dive below your insurance policy's depth limit – doing so will invalidate your cover

Shark attacks are rare, but there have been attacks on tourists in the Red Sea region. Monitor any updates from local authorities or your tour operator.

See ⁠watersports safety advice from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (ROSPA).

Quad bikes and desert visits

There have been several serious quad bike accidents involving British nationals in resort areas. Take the same precautions as you would in the UK. Safety standards vary considerably. Always wear a crash helmet.

Landmines

There is a small risk from unexploded landmines in some desert areas, including:

• in north-west Egypt near El-Alamein
• on limited stretches of the Mediterranean coast near Marsa Matrouh
• on the Red Sea coast south of Suez

Dangerous areas are usually well marked with signs and barbed wire fencing. Take care and follow local advice, especially if planning trips off marked roads or paths.

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in Egypt, see information on driving abroad.

You'll need to have both the 1949 version of the international driving permit (IDP) and your UK driving licence with you in the car. You cannot buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel.

You can drive in Egypt using your UK licence and an IDP for up to 6 months. If you plan to stay longer, you must apply for an Egyptian driving licence.

Drivers and front seat passengers must wear seatbelts.

Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs is a serious offence in Egypt. If you are caught, you may get a fine and possible imprisonment.      

You may not be allowed to import a vehicle into Egypt. If you want to bring in a vehicle temporarily, you must get a 'carnet de passage' from the Automobile Association.

Driving conditions

Accidents are common because of poor road conditions, dangerous driving and poor traffic law enforcement. Do not drive outside main cities and resorts at night. Make sure you have appropriate insurance.

Off-road travel

If you're travelling off road, use a qualified guide and get a permit from the Ministry of Interior.   

Rail and bus travel

Serious bus crashes in recent years have caused many deaths, including tourists.

There have also been fatal train collisions and derailments.

Suspect devices have been found at train stations and on the rail network. While some have turned out to be hoaxes or false alarms, you should be vigilant as you would in the UK.

River and sea travel

Overcrowding and poor safety standards have caused accidents on Red Sea ferries and Nile cruises.

This section has safety advice for regions of Egypt. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice.

You should also read FCDO's overall travel advice and safety and security advice.

Egypt-Libya border

FCDO advises against all travel to within 20km of the Egypt-Libya border, except for the town of El Salloum, where we advise against all but essential travel. There are active military operations targeting criminal activity in this area.

North Sinai

FCDO advises against all travel to North Sinai Governate due to continuing criminal activity and terrorist attacks on police and security forces that have resulted in deaths. See Terrorism in Egypt.

Northern part of South Sinai

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the northern part of South Sinai Governate, beyond the St Catherine-Nuweibaa road, except for the coastal areas along the west and east of the peninsula.

We advise against all but essential travel due to criminal activity and terrorist attacks on police and security forces that have resulted in deaths. See Terrorism.

If you plan to travel in a 4-wheel-drive vehicle from mainland Egypt through the Suez crossing, you must get a permit from Travel Permits Department of the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior. You should book any activities outside of resort areas through approved agents or tour operators.

There is no FCDO travel warning for Red Sea tourist areas in the southern part of the Sinai Peninsula and further south. Security forces carry out routine checks on vehicles and at airports to protect resorts such as Sharm el Sheikh, Hurghada and Marsa Alam.

Eastern part of Ismailiyah Governorate

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the parts of the Ismailiyah Governorate which are east of the Suez Canal, due to ongoing military operations against terrorists and criminals. Egyptian authorities at checkpoints may prevent onward travel to this region. See Terrorism.

Western Desert

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the area west of the Nile Valley and Nile Delta regions due to risks from criminal activity and military operations, except for:

• Luxor, Qina, Valley of the Kings, Aswan and Abu Simbel
• the Faiyum Governorate
• the coastal areas between the Nile Delta and Marsa Matruh
• the Marsa Matruh-Siwa road
• the oasis town of Siwa
• the Giza Governorate north-east of the Bahariya Oasis
• the White Desert and Black Desert
• the oasis towns of Bahariya, Farafra, Dakhla (Mut) and Kharga
• the following roads and the desert area between them and the Nile valley:
  • the road between Giza and Farafra and within 50km either side of this road (but FCDO advises against all but essential travel on the road between Bahariya and Siwa)
  • the road between Farafra, Dakhla (Mut) and Kharga
  • the road between Kharga and Baris
  • the road between Baris and Luxor

Tourists who enter the Western Desert areas of Bahariya Oasis, Farafra, the White Desert and Black Desert must apply for permits in advance and use an official guide. There is limited phone reception and poor medical facilities. Monitor travel advice and follow guidance from official guides and local authorities.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel on the road between Al Bawiti and Siwa, including the desert areas near the start of the road in Bahariya. The road is closed and there are military checkpoints.

If you travel to the south-west corner of Egypt near the border with Sudan or Libya, you will need a permit from the Ministry of Interior. Bandits and armed groups operate in these areas.

Be extremely cautious in all border areas.

Hala'ib Triangle and Bir Tawil Trapezoid

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the Hala'ib Triangle and Bir Tawil Trapezoid.

The Hala'ib Triangle remains disputed territory between Egypt and Sudan. If you're in the Hala'ib Triangle and need urgent UK government support, contact the British Embassy in Cairo.

The Bir Tawil Trapezoid is unclaimed by either Egypt or Sudan. If you're in this area and need urgent UK government support, contact FCDO in the last country you travelled through.

Egypt-Sudan border

People continue to try to cross the border from Sudan into Egypt. There are 2 main land border crossings – Qustul and Argeen. There is almost no infrastructure at these crossings. The nearest town in Sudan is Wadi Halfa, 30km from the border.

The British Embassy in Cairo does not have staff at the border and our ability to provide assistance is very limited. Travel in and from Sudan is at your own risk. See Sudan travel advice.

If you are a British national and have crossed into Egypt from Sudan without valid documents, contact the British Embassy in Cairo for support.

Telephone: + 20 (0) 2 2791 6000

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Call 123 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance or medical assistance company quickly if you're referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:  

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Egypt
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you'll face in Egypt, including:  

• dengue
• tick-borne diseases such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Egypt. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro. 

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Some prescribed and over-the-counter medicines may be controlled substances in Egypt. You may need permission from Egypt's Ministry of Health before you arrive. If you do not have prior permission or the required documentation, you will not be allowed to take the medication into Egypt and you may be prosecuted.

If you travel with prescription medication, carry a letter from your GP stating the:

• condition you're being treated for
• amount of medication you will be carrying
• medication is for your personal use only

For further information, contact the Egyptian Consulate General in the UK.

Healthcare in Egypt    

Some hotel doctors have overcharged for treatment and medicines. Check your bill closely for excessive charges. Pharmacies outside hotels will often supply medication at lower prices.

Access to specialised treatment for psychiatric illness is limited and may not be available outside major cities.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Egypt where some staff will speak English. 

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) cannot provide tailored advice for individual trips. Read this travel advice and carry out your own research before deciding whether to travel.

Emergency services in Egypt

Ambulance: 123

Fire: 180

Police: 122

Tourist police: 126

Contact your travel provider and insurer

Contact your travel provider and your insurer if you are involved in a serious incident or emergency abroad. They will tell you if they can help and what you need to do.

Refunds and changes to travel

For refunds or changes to travel, contact your travel provider. You may also be able to make a claim through insurance. However, insurers usually require you to talk to your travel provider first.

Find out more about changing or cancelling travel plans, including:

• where to get advice if you are in a dispute with a provider
• how to access previous versions of travel advice to support a claim

Support from FCDO

FCDO has guidance on staying safe and what to do if you need help or support abroad, including:

• finding English-speaking lawyers, funeral directors and translators and interpreters in Egypt
• dealing with a death in Egypt
• being arrested in Egypt
• getting help if you're a victim of crime
• what to do if you're in hospital
• if you are affected by a crisis, such as a terrorist attack

Contacting FCDO

Help abroad  

See how to get help from the UK government abroad including in an emergency. 

Help in the UK  

You can call FCDO in London if you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad.  

Telephone: 020 7008 5000 (24 hours)  

Find out about call charges

Get travel advice updates  

Sign up to get email notifications when this travel advice is updated.  

Follow and contact FCDO: 

• travel advice on X

• travel advice on Facebook

Risk information for British companies

The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating in Egypt on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

Vaccinations

Title	Special Precautions
Hepatitis A	Yes
Diphtheria	Yes
Malaria	No
Rabies	Yes
Tetanus	Yes
Typhoid	Yes
Yellow Fever	No*

Overview:

There are no vaccinations needed to visit Egypt unless you are arriving from an infected area. Vaccinating against some diseases, such as those in the table above, are advisable as a precautionary measure. You should avoid touching stray animals as rabies is prevalent throughout the country, and take care if visiting street markets where poultry or other birds are present as many have been reported as being carriers of Avian flu. HIV and Aids is present in Egypt and you should take normal precautions to avoid exposure.

Public hospitals are open to tourists. The standard of care is good in Cairo and Alexandria, with most doctors speaking good English, but is of varying standard in other parts of the country. Health care provision and standards of hygiene is particularly lacking in remote rural areas, especially in the Western Desert oases and in the wilderness of southern Egypt.

Adequate health insurance that covers you for treatment, local hospitalisation and medical repatriation to your country of residence is strongly advised for any trip to Egypt, and its conditions for health precautions understood. If you are need of emergency assistance during your stay dial 123 and ask for an ambulance. Ensure you have access to funds should you be asked to pay for medical services, and always obtain a receipt for your insurance company. If you are referred to a medical centre or hospital seek the advice of your insurance company without delay.

Vaccinations Note:

* A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers over one year of age coming from infected areas. Those arriving in transit from such areas without a certificate will be detained at the airport until their onward flight departs.

Food Drink:

You should avoid uncooked vegetables and peeled fruit that may have been washed in tap water, and make sure any poultry or egg-based dishes, and any seafood or shellfish, is thoroughly cooked. Hotels and restaurants are generally safe to eat and drink in, but it is advisable to avoid street vendors.

Use only bottled water for drinking and, to be on the safe side, when brushing teeth. When buying bottled water, check the seal of the bottle is intact. A popular scam is for unscrupulous individuals to collect used bottles from rubbish bins, refill them with tap water, attempt a reseal and sell them as genuine clean bottled water. Also, avoid unbottled beverages and ice except in top hotels and restaurants. Milk is unpasteurised and should be boiled.

Other Risks:

Immunisation against polio is advised because of the persistence of polio in Egypt. Precautions against hepatitis E should be considered. Immunisation against hepatitis B and tuberculosis is sometimes advised. Bilharzia (schistosomiasis), a tropical disease caused by parasites burrowing into the skin, is known to be present in the Nile Delta and the Nile Valley. You should avoid swimming and wading in their waters. Avoid touching any stagnant water as this, too, may result in bilharzia. 

Avoid long exposure to the sun, which can be intense. Use plenty of high factor sun cream, wear light cotton clothing, a hat or scarf covering your head, and drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration and sunburn. It is a good idea to pack rehydrating salts.

Currency Information:

Egyptian Pound or ginee (LE; symbol E£) = 100 piastres. Notes are in denominations of E£ 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 50 piastres and 25 piastres. Coins are in denominations of 25, 20, 10 and 5 piastres.

British pounds sterling, Euros and the US Dollar are accepted everywhere although change may be given in Egyptian pounds.

Credit Cards:

Credit cards are widely accepted in all major hotels and restaurants, but taxi services and smaller shops only accept cash. You will also need some money for tipping (known as baksheesh).

ATMs:

ATMS can be found in all major towns and cities.

Travellers Cheques:

Travellers' cheques are no longer relevant and should be avoided.

Banking Hours:

Sun-Thurs 0830-1400. Bureaux de change are generally also open in the evening 1800-2100.

Currency Restrictions:

The import and export of local currency are limited to E£ 5,000. Importing foreign currency is unlimited, but sums equivalent to US$ 10,000 or higher need to be declared. Foreign currency can be exported up to the amount that was imported.

Currency Exchange:

The Egyptian pound is available outside Egypt, and you can change money before your trip.

You can also exchange your money in Egyptian banks and currency exchange outlets upon arrival. Major currencies such as US dollars, euros, and British pound sterling can be freely exchangeable in Egypt.

Currencies

Code	Symbol
EGP	E£

Exchange Rates

20.34

24.22

19.55

Language

Arabic is the official language. English and French are widely spoken.

Overview:

Public holidays are listed here.

.

List Of Public Holidays

Title	Start Date	To Be Confirmed
Coptic Christmas Day	2024-01-07 00:00:00	0
Eid al-Fitr (End of Ramadan)	2024-04-10 00:00:00	0
Sinai Liberation Day	2024-04-25 00:00:00	0
Labour Day	2024-05-01 00:00:00	0
Coptic Easter	2024-05-05 00:00:00	0
Sham el-Nessim	2024-05-06 00:00:00	0
Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice)	2024-06-16 00:00:00	0
Islamic New Year	2024-07-08 00:00:00	0
National Day	2024-07-23 00:00:00	0
Coptic New Year	2024-09-11 00:00:00	0
Milad un Nabi (Birth of the Prophet Muhammad)	2024-09-15 00:00:00	0
Armed Forces Day	2024-10-06 00:00:00	0

Note:

Muslim festivals are timed according to local sightings of various phases of the moon and the dates given below are approximations. During the lunar month of Ramadan that precedes Eid al-Fitr, Muslims fast during the day and feast at night and normal business patterns may be interrupted. Some disruption may continue into Eid al-Fitr itself. Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha may last up to several days, depending on the region.

Overview:

The following items may be imported into Egypt by travellers over 18 without incurring customs duty:

• 200 cigarettes or 25 cigars or 200g of tobacco.
• 1L of alcoholic beverages.
• Other goods (including gifts and new items) up to a value of E£ 10,000.

.

Banned Imports:

Drugs, firearms and cotton.

Telephone:

Public telephones take cards available from pharmacies, tobacconists and newspaper shops, and are a convenient way to call home. Telephones in hotels can be expensive.

Mobile Telephone:

Roaming exists with many international mobile phone companies, although coverage is limited to Cairo, Alexandria and major towns along the north coastline of the Red Sea and the Nile. If you’re in Egypt for some time, it is much cheaper to buy a local SIM card, either Vodafone or MobiNil, if your mobile phone is unblocked.

Internet:

There are internet cafés in the main cities, including Cairo, Alexandria, Dahab and Luxor. Even small, more remote towns including Siwa will have at least one venue, usually in the market area. Connection is usually reliable. Tourists can also access the Internet in hotels, with in-room Wi-Fi available, though often at a hefty price.

Post

The postal system is efficient for international mail. Airmail takes about five days to western Europe, and eight to 10 days to the USA.

Post Office Hours:

Daily 0900-1400 (some until 1500) except Friday; the central post office in Cairo is open 24 hours.

Media:

The Egyptian press is one of the most influential and widely read in the region, while Egyptian TV and the film industry supplies much of the Arab-speaking world with shows from its Media Production City.

Al-Ahram Weekly (http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/) is the oldest newspaper in the Arab world and is published in English. State-runEgypt Radio Television Union (ERTU) operates domestic networks; it also operates satellite networks such as Nile TV International, which broadcasts some programmes in English and Hebrew. Egypt was the first Arab nation to have its own satellite TV station, Nilesat 101. The country's first private TV stations came on air in 2001, broadcasting via satellite.

Discover the Valley of the Kings

The Valley of the Kings, in the Theban Hills, is where the mummified remains of many Egyptian pharaohs were interred. Although stripped of their contents centuries ago, the tombs still display fantastic wall paintings depicting the lives of the pharaohs. The most famous tomb is that of Tutankhamun, discovered in pristine condition by Howard Carter in 1922.

Marvel at the Pyramids of Giza

Egypt's main tourist attraction has long been the Giza Necropolis on the edge of Cairo. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid dates back to around 2500BC. Wander the site to truly understand the enormity of the building task, or take in the sights by horse or camel, not forgetting to visit the Great Sphinx nearby.

Wander the Abu Simbel temples

Dedicated to the Pharaoh Ramses II (1304-1237 BC), and his beloved queen Nefertari, the two temples at Abu Simbel stand on the shores of the stunning Lake Nasser. Discovered covered in sand by the Swiss explorer Burckhardt in 1813, they were later moved as part of a massive UNESCO-funded project to save them from the rising water of the lake.

Admire Alexandria

Nestling the Mediterranean, Egypt's 'second city' has a French colonial atmosphere and a relaxed Greek influence, a mix of continental patisseries, art deco architecture and crowded sandy beaches in summer. Don't miss the Roman Amphitheatre's mosaics or the modern Bibliotecha and museums. Take a walk along the corniche to work up an appetite for a dinner of freshly-caught fish.

Kick back in Aswan

The former frontier town of Aswan is a popular stopping-point for cruise liners, and the feluccas drifting along the Nile at sunset is one of Egypt's enduring sights. Attractions include Elephantine Island and Elnabatat's Island (the 'island of plants'), upon which Lord Kitchener built a beautiful botanical garden in the 1890s that's still open to visitors today.

Experience Islamic Cairo

It's bustling and busy in ancient Islamic Cairo, but the crowds thin out along the serene street of Al-Muezz Al-Din, with spot lit mosques and mausoleums lining the pedestrianised cobbled street. A local will, doubtless, offer to take you up a minaret; ascend the one at Al-Azhar Mosque – home to the world's oldest university – for panoramic views.

Take in the Old Kingdom at Saqqara and Dahshur

Few visitors know before arriving in Egypt that the country's Old Kingdom precedes the building of the Pyramids of Giza by many centuries. Acting as the necropolis to the ancient capital of Memphis, Saqqara's crowning glory is the stepped Pyramid of Djoser. Nearby Dahshur is famous for its Bent Pyramid and a huge field of royal tombs.

Traverse the Suez Canal

The best way to see this great feat of modern engineering is by boat; the view from the Peace Bridge that crosses the canal near Ismailiya comes a good second. The sight of giant tankers plying the narrow channel between the Red Sea with the Mediterranean is something you don't forget in a hurry.

Test your skills as a camel trader

Not the place to buy souvenirs, frenetic (and fragrant) trading takes place most mornings from 0700 at the Camel market (Souq al-Gamaal). An entertaining assault on the senses, Camels are transported from Sudan to Birqash 35 km (20 miles) west of Cairo, before being prodded and poked by potential buyers.

Dive the Red Sea

The Red Sea justly deserves its worldwide reputation for underwater adventure. Teeming with colourful marine life, the crystalline waters are landscaped with coral and dramatic drop-offs. The Ras Mohamed National Park, a headland 20 km (12 miles) west of Sharm el-Sheikh, shows off this underwater world at its best.

Relax at Siwa Oasis

One of six oases in the vast Western Desert, and a good base for desert exploration, Siwa is a peaceful haven of palm-fringed saltwater lakes. Home to the Oracle Temple of Amun visited by Alexander the Great, Siwa is dramatically crowned by the 13th-century fortress ruins of Shali, best climbed at sunrise or sunset to avoid the fierce desert heat.

Play a round of golf

While it's not a sport readily associated with Egypt, the country has made quite a golfing name for itself and offers around 20 courses. They range from locations within sight of Cairo's Pyramids – the most famous being the Mena House Oberoi 18-hole course – to settings alongside the Nile and the Red Sea.

Get lost in Khan-el Khalili bazaar

Take a trip to Cairo's famous labyrinthine, medieval Khan-el Khalili bazaar, where haggling for spices, copper, perfume and trinkets has been refined into an art form. Don't miss Fishawi's teahouse; in business for over 200 years, it is the ultimate place to people watch.

Go on pilgrimage to Mount Sinai

For centuries, Christian pilgrims have made the journey to Mount Sinai to witness the sunrise over the desert landscape. The three-hour trek is breathtaking, but if it sounds too ambitious, stay overnight at the UNESCO-listed 6th-century Saint Catherine's Monastery, hire a camel and walk down in leisure.

Explore the temples at Luxor

Straddling the Nile, Luxor is the site of the ancient city of Thebes. On the east bank lies the spectacular Temple of Karnak featuring epic statues, obelisks and lotus-columned halls. In the city centre is Luxor Temple, spectacular when lit up at night. Make the most of the experience by taking a gods-eye view in a hot-air balloon.

Take to the Nile

Ply the river between Luxor and Aswan for that quintessential Nile experience. Egrets flock to the water's edge and Egypt's ancient archaeological wonders, including the temple of Kom Ombo, unfold like a storybook along the bank. Lasting between three and five days, take a traditional white-sailed felucca, or splash out on a dahabiya, a luxury furnished wooden barge.

Snorkel in Sharm el-Sheik

Diving is an ever-popular way to see the dazzling marine life and coral, however Egypt's spectacular coastline is accessible even without a wetsuit. Simply wade out with a mask or snorkel or take a glass-bottomed boat from the shores of Sharm el-Sheik and the fish will come to you.

Overview

One of Egypt’s best shopping experiences is Cairo’s medieval market Khan-el-Khalili. Everything from cheap souvenirs to household goods, reproduction ‘antique’ jewellery, brass plaques and jugs, copper utensils and cotton goods fill the narrow noisy alleyways. Be sure to visit the Spice Bazaar, where the aroma of cloves, coriander and cinnamon will leave you intoxicated. Nearby is the Perfume Bazaar. Cairo also has its share of modern shopping centres, department stores and small fashionable shops, particularly near its central intersection, Tahrir Square. In Alexandria, antique stalls cluster the area around Sharia el Attareen, while in Luxor the souk is mainly geared for the tourist market but is a fun place to wander around in the evenings.

The vendor is likely to charge what he feels happy with charging, usually a hugely inflated price for foreigners. Bargain hard! Check the price of everything before purchasing (and consuming), even food and drink. Best buys include alabaster vases, old books, brass and copperware, papyrus prints, leatherwork and ceramics. Muski glass is a popular souvenir; this colourful glass is identified by its air bubbles and has been hand-blown in Cairo for centuries. Carpets make good buys too.

Opening Hours

Shopping hours vary widely according to season and location. In most cities, shops are generally open daily 1000-2000, taking a lengthy lunch break in summer, and some will close on Fridays. Markets tend to stay open later in the evening. During Ramadan, especially when it falls in summer, shops may well close at sunset and reopen several hours later, after eating. Some shops may close during Friday midday prayers, for a couple of hours. Christian-owned shops might close on Sundays.

Overview

Egyptian cuisine combines many of the best traditions of African, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cooking, and is both delicious and healthy. Vegetables, meats and aromatic herbs and spices are combined to create colourful and flavoursome dishes.

Typically, a meal starts with soup made from pulses or beans, onions, tomatoes and leafy green vegetables. A large helping of garlic or spices give them a kick. A dish of meats slow-roasted with herbs, or fish stew accompanied by couscous or rice may follow. Meals are almost always served with salad, dips and flatbread.

Desserts, particularly pastries made using figs, nuts, and dates and smothered in honey are common, as is yogurt.

Regional Specialities

Tipping

A tip of 10-12% is added to hotel and restaurant bills but an extra tip of 5% is normal.

Drinking Age

21.

Hotels

Egypt boasts some beautiful luxury hotels, resorts set in landscaped gardens, characterful guesthouses, historic hotels, eco-lodges and desert camps that offer great value for money. It has seen a massive investment in its accommodation sector in recent years with the introduction of a system that monitors and categorises each establishment.

Hotels are graded 1-5 stars, although standards in each category can differ to those expected in similarly starred hotels in Europe and the USA. Standards are improving significantly with more emphasis being placed on service and providing enhanced facilities. All hotel categories must now have wheelchair access, for example, along with the availability of medical services. 

All the top resorts, at Sharm el-Sheik, Hurghada and Luxor for example, offer lavish accommodation for less than top-dollar prices. Many include international restaurants, spas and infinity pools, and golf courses, and they are a good place to watch belly dancing or other cultural entertainment which cater especially for tourists. Most of the resorts on the Red Sea coast specialise in arranging diving and snorkelling excursions, while all offer horse- and camel-riding trips, and tours of the desert or to archaeological sites.

Top-end hotel accommodation in Egypt surprisingly represents the best value for money. In Cairo, there are some spectacular five-star hotels run by international chains, many of them on the banks of the Nile. In Alexandria and Luxor, old colonial hotels located right on the Corniche overlooking the waters of the Mediterranean or Nile respectively are convenient and charming.

A choice of mid-range hotels that offer comfortable accommodation, business facilities and help with onward connections can be found in all towns and cities. Most require reservations several months in advance, particularly in the winter months and during major Islamic holidays.

Camping Caravaning

Desert camps are popular and there are several places in the country to enjoy a night under canvas, particularly at budget-style resorts along the Sinai coast and during organised trips to the Western Desert. Egypt is not such a good place, however, for ad hoc camping and caravanning as there are many security restrictions in place to protect the country's tourist industry. Tourist offices can advise on the location of local official campsites.

Other

History

Egypt’s history is one of the oldest and most evocative of any country in the world. Who can fail to be captivated by the lives of pharaohs like Tutankhamun who ruled for just ten years but is, arguably, the most famous of all the ancient Egyptian kings? Or Cleopatra, Egypt’s last pharaoh?

Egypt can trace its history back to around 8000 BC when drier conditions forced early civilisations in need of food and water closer to the Nile. However, Pharaonic Egypt began some 5,000 years ago and comprised kings from 30 different dynasties whose phenomenal knowledge of mathematics, biology and astronomy made the country one of the most powerful kingdoms the world. Their legendary wealth enabled them to build monumental structures like the Karnak Temple in Luxor, and the Pyramids of Giza.

Pharaonic rule is divided into kingdoms. The Old Kingdom saw the building of the Gizan pyramids, the Middle Kingdom saw Egypt’s capital at Thebes, present-day Luxor, while the New Kingdom began around 1500 BC and gave us some of the greatest pharaohs in Egypt’s history. Later, Egypt saw the arrival of Alexander the Great, who founded Alexandria, and then the Roman Empire.

The arrival of Napoleon in AD 1798 brought Egypt once more into violent contact with a European power. By 1805, however, the struggle for autonomy had been won, with Muhammad Ali being recognised as the first Sultan of Egypt.

The completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, built in conjunction with France, brought popular discontent, since heavy taxation was required to pay for it, and eventually resulted in more than 70 years of British rule. Demands for the canal’s nationalisation and the country’s independence continued until revolution in 1952.

2011 saw the country again engulfed in widespread protests against the government, which resulted in long-standing President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation, and the eventual return of the military to power. The downing of a Russian passenger jet over the Sinai Peninsula in 2015 – an act of terror claimed by Islamic State militants – severely affected Egypt’s tourism industry. Elections in the same year brought stability to Egyptian politics, but the country has been criticised internationally for its suppression of the media and lax airport security.

Did you know?
• Ancient Egyptians worshipped over 1,400 different gods and goddesses.
• The young Egyptian citizen, Facebook Jamal Ibrahim, was named after the social media site to honour its role in fermenting the 2011 revolution.
• The Pyramids of Giza are the oldest of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World, and the only one to still exist.

Religion

About 90% of the population are Muslim, with the majority of the remainder being Christian, including followers of the Coptic Christian faith. There is also a small Jewish population.

Social Conventions

Islam is part of all aspects of daily life with many social conventions stemming from the teachings of the Koran, the Muslim holy book. Hospitality is a significant element, especially to visitors. Shaking hands is the normal greeting but male visitors should wait for a woman to offer her hand first.

Dress should always be conservative and women should cover upper arms and legs. This is particularly important when visiting religious buildings - when hair should also be covered - and conservative towns. Dress standards tends to be a little more relaxed in modern nightclubs, restaurants, hotels and bars in Cairo, Alexandria and other tourist resorts. Official or social functions and smart restaurants usually require more formal wear. Smoking is widespread.

Photography: Tourists are required to pay a fee if wishing to take photographs inside pyramids, tombs and museums. Ask permission when taking pictures of someone, especially women. Some traditionally-dressed locals demand money when they ‘pose’ outside historic sites, especially temples and pyramids.

Best Time To Visit:

Egypt is a huge country with plenty of variety in its climate; when it’s chilly and wet in Alexandria, it can be ravishingly hot in Aswan.

The best time to visit most sights, including the pyramids and the Valley of the Kings, or diving in the Red Sea, is from February to April and October to November. During these months the heat reminds you that it's the ‘Land of the Sun', but not too hot to be enjoyable. At this time, the skies and sea are a perfect blue. The downside is that these are the most popular times of the year for visitors.

In April, the hot, dusty khamsin wind blows from the Sahara, making touring of sights potentially troublesome; during an intense sand storm, vision may be reduced to a few metres. During the hot, dry summers (June-August) there’s always the risk of dehydration and heat exhaustion, which might confine visitors indoors during the early afternoon.

Winters (November-February) are usually mild and often overcast, leaving the desert and its ancient monuments looking lacklustre. Rainfall is negligible except on the coast.

.

Required Clothing

Loose, lightweight, modest cottons and linens, with warmer clothes for winter and cooler evenings, are culturally and climatically suitable.

Dialing Code:

+20

Area(sq km):

1001450

Population:

102.334.404

Population Density(per sq km):

88

Population Year:

2020

EU Member:

No

Main emergency number

123